160 Part II Psychodynamic Theories
When their caregiver is first out of sight, infants will cry, resist soothing by other
people, and search for their caregiver. This stage is the protest stage. As separation
continues, infants become quiet, sad, passive, listless, and apathetic. This second stage
is called despair. The last stage—the only one unique to humans—is detachment.
During this stage, infants become emotionally detached from other people, including
their caregiver. If their caregiver (mother) returns, infants will disregard and avoid her.
Children who become detached are no longer upset when their mother leaves them.
As they become older, they play and interact with others with little emotion but appear
to be sociable. However, their interpersonal relations are superficial and lack warmth.
From such observations, Bowlby developed his attachment theory, which he
published in a trilogy titled Attachment and Loss (1969/1982, 1973, 1980). Bowlby’s
theory rests on two fundamental assumptions: First, a responsive and accessible care-
giver (usually the mother) must create a secure base for the child. The infant needs
to know that the caregiver is accessible and dependable. If this dependability is pres-
ent, the child is better able to develop confidence and security in exploring the world.
This bonding relationship serves the critical function of attaching the caregiver to the
infant, thereby making survival of the infant, and ultimately the species, more likely.
A second assumption of attachment theory is that a bonding relationship (or
lack thereof ) becomes internalized and serves as a mental working model on which
future friendships and love relationships are built. The first bonding attachment is
therefore the most critical of all relationships. However, for bonding to take place,
an infant must be more than a mere passive receptor to the caregiver’s behavior,
even if that behavior radiates accessibility and dependability. Attachment style is
a relationship between two people and not a trait given to the infant by the care-
giver. It is a two-way street—the infant and the caregiver must be responsive to
each other and each must influence the other’s behavior.Mary Ainsworth and the Strange Situation
Mary Dinsmore Salter Ainsworth (1919–1999)
was born in Glendale, Ohio, the daughter of the
president of an aluminum goods business. She
received her BA, MA, and PhD, all from the
University of Toronto, where she also served as
instructor and lecturer. During her long career,
she taught and conducted research at several
universities and institutes in Canada, the United
States, the United Kingdom, and Uganda.
Influenced by Bowlby’s theory, Ainsworth
and her associates (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, &
Wall, 1978) developed a technique for measuring
the type of attachment style that exists between
caregiver and infant, known as the Strange Situ-
ation. This procedure consists of a 20-minute
laboratory session in which a mother and infant
are initially alone in a playroom. Then a strangerMary Ainsworth © JHU Sheridan
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