Subject Index S-9pioneering work of Cattell, 384
well-being and, 400–401
traits. See also trait and factor theories
in biological factor theory (Eysenck),
414, 415f
bipolar, 385
defined, 4, 385
in dispositional theories, 8
in psychology of the individual (Allport),
361–363
unipolar, 385
transcendence (Fromm), 233–234, 236t
transference, 53–54, 134–135, 162, 244
transformation (Jung), 134
trauma
object relations theory and, 162–163
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
54, 163
triadic reciprocal causation, 495, 501–504
chance encounters, 495, 503–504
example of, 502–503
fortuitous events, 495, 503–504
trust
basic trust versus basic mistrust, 203, 204f,
205–206
interpersonal trust (Rotter), 540, 543–544
twin studies, 397, 410, 418, 421, 426, 450
types
in analytical psychology (Jung), 124–126,
126 t
in biological factor theory (Eysenck),
414–421
tyranny of the should (Horney), 184
Umwelt, 330, 331f, 334, 336, 342, 345–346
unconditional positive regard (Rogers), 296,
305–306, 308
unconscious
in analytical psychology (Jung), 110,
111–112, 115, 119f
in behavioral analysis (Skinner), 480
in individual psychology (Adler), 81
in psychoanalytic theory (Freud), 28–29,
31 f, 32 f, 58–59
unconscious motivation, 267–268
Union Theological Seminary, 292, 326
unipolar traits, 385
uniqueness versus similarity
in analytical psychology (Jung), 141
in behavioral analysis (Skinner), 492
in biological factor theory (Eysenck), 429
in cognitive social learning theory, 565
in concept of humanity, 15
in evolutionary theory (Buss), 455
in existential psychology (May), 351
in Five-Factor Theory, 405
in holistic-dynamic theory (Maslow), 288
in object relations theory, 168
in person-centered theory (Rogers), 321
in personal construct theory (Kelly), 593
in post-Freudian theory (Erikson),
225–226
in psychoanalytic social theory
(Horney), 195
in psychoanalytic theory (Freud), 69
in psychology of the individual (Allport),
355, 380
unity of personality, 80–81
University of Basel, 107, 110
University of Berlin, 411–412
University of British Columbia, 496–497
University of California at Berkeley,
199–200, 434
University of Chicago, 158, 293, 312–315,
319, 388in psychoanalytic theory (Freud), 31, 32f,
34–35, 35f, 59–60
superego function (Eysenck), 415, 419–420
suppression, 28, 62–63, 480
surgency (Buss), 441
symbiotic relationship, 233
syndrome of decay, 243, 243f, 246–247
syndrome of growth, 243, 243f
syntonic element (Erikson), 203
Taoistic attitude (Maslow), 279
Tavistock Clinic, 159
taxonomy, 7, 387. See also Big Five traits
(McCrae & Costa)
Teachers College, Columbia University, 260,
292–293
teleology, 15, 79. See also causality versus
teleology
temperament (Buss), 447–449
temperament (Eysenck), 410
terror management theory (TMT), 344–349
Thanatos, 36, 68
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 163, 245,
312–313
theory, 5–14. See also personality theory and
specific theories
criteria for useful, 11–14
defined, 5
need for different theories, 7
psychology of science and, 10–11
related concepts, 5–7
therapeutic change, 307–308, 309t
therapy group, 313
therapy/psychotherapy
in analytical psychology (Jung), 134–135
in behavioral analysis (Skinner), 484–485
client-centered therapy (Rogers), 291–292,
293, 303–309, 309t
in cognitive social learning theory (Rotter),
545–548
in existential psychology (May), 342–344
in holistic-dynamic theory (Maslow),
282–283
in humanistic psychoanalysis (Fromm), 244
in individual psychology (Adler), 95–96
in object relations theory (Klein), 162
in personal construct theory (Kelly),
583–586
in psychoanalytic approach (Freud), 52–57
in psychoanalytic social theory (Horney),
189–190
in social cognitive theory (Bandura),
519–520
thinking
in analytical psychology (Jung), 124, 126t
as productive orientation, 241
threat
in person-centered theory (Rogers), 301
in personal construct theory (Kelly), 582,
588–590
toilet training
in post-Freudian theory (Erikson),
206–207
in psychosexual development stages
(Freud), 44, 45
trait and factor theories. See also biologically
based factor theory (Eysenck); Five-
Factor Theory
academic performance and, 398–400
basics of factor analysis, 385–387
concept of humanity, 405
critique, 404–405
emotions and, 401–404
Internet use and, 400–401
overview, 383–384sex/sex drive
in existential psychology (May), 337
in holistic-dynamic theory (Maslow), 278
in psychoanalytic theory (Freud), 36–37, 40,
42, 51, 68
sexual selection (Buss), 432
shadow archetype (Jung), 114–115
shaping, 468–470
Short Index of Self-Actualization (SISA), 281
simplicity, 273–274
Sioux nation, 199, 201, 218
situation variables, 553–554
Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire
(16 PF Scale), 384
Skinner, B. F., 458–493. See also behavioral
analysis (Skinner)
biography, 459, 460–463
critique, 489–490
publications, 460, 461, 463, 464, 472, 491
smoking, 27, 358, 388, 413, 424, 485–487, 519
social action, 84–85
social behavior (Skinner), 481
social cognitive theory (Bandura), 494–527
concept of humanity, 524–526
critique of Bandura, 523–524
dysfunctional behavior, 516–518
human agency, 504–510
learning, 497–500
overview, 495–496
related research, 520–523
self-regulation, 510–516
therapy, 519–520
triadic reciprocal causation, 495, 501–504
social control (Skinner), 481–482
social interest (Adler), 81–84, 86, 101
Social Interest Index (Greever et al.), 101
Social Interest Scale (Crandall), 101
social modeling, 507–508
social persuasion, 508
sociality corollary (Kelly), 580–581
Society for Free Psychoanalytic Study, 74
Society for Individual Psychology, 73, 74, 530
sociobiology (Wilson), 435
South German Institute for
Psychoanalysis, 230
speculation, theory versus, 6
splitting (object relations theory), 151–152
spontaneity, 273–274
stability (Eysenck), 415
standard of reference, 512–513
standing still (Adler), 89
Stanford University, 159, 497, 549
stimulus generalization, 469–470
stimulus-outcome expectancy, 557
Strange Situation, 160–161
striving for success/superiority, 76–78,
84 f, 100
Stroop task, 403
Structure of Human Personality, The
(Eysenck), 412
Studies on Hysteria (Breuer & Freud), 24,
25, 52
Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Psychical
Compensation (Adler), 73–74
Study of Values (Allport et al.), 369
style of life (Adler), 84–85, 87
stylistic dispositions, 363
subjective perceptions, 79–80
sublimation, 42
submissiveness, 176, 233
successive approximations, 468
Sulliman Scale of Social Interest, 101
superego
in object relations theory (Klein), 153–154
in post-Freudian theory (Erikson), 200