Resolution adopted at the Amritsar session of the INC. Ibid., 7:531.
Ibid., 7:581– 582.
Ibid., 8:415– 416.
Young India (April 6, 1921), in Gandhi, The Collected Works of Gandhi, 19:530.
Gandhi, The Collected Works of Gandhi, 19:471.
Resolution adopted at the Lucknow session of the INC. Zaidi and Zaidi,
eds., Encyclopedia INC, 8:478.
Resolution adopted at the Gaya session of the INC. Ibid., 8:542.
Resolution adopted at the Amritsar session of the INC. Ibid., 8:613. This was
also the last Congress Party resolution on the Khilafat issue.
For a sympathetic treatment of the issue, see Lewis, The Jews of Islam.
Nanda, Gandhi, 373.
Chaudhuri, Thy Hand, Great Anarch, 1921– 1952, 39. Likewise, Nanda, Gan-
dhi and His Critics, 82, admitted that the Mahatma’s hope that “the Hindus’
spontaneous and altruistic gesture in supporting the cause of the Khilafat
would permanently win the gratitude of the Muslim community was not to
be realized.”
Resolution adopted at the tenth session of the Muslim League in Calcutta,
December 1917– January 1918. Pirzada, ed., Foundations of Pakistan, 1:442.
Ibid., 2:584.
Ibid.
Presidential address of A. K. Fazlul Haque at the eleventh Muslim League
session in Delhi, December 1918. Ibid., 1:497– 498. Emphasis added.
Resolution adopted at the twelfth Muslim League session at Amritsar, De-
cember 1919. Ibid., 1:537.
Presidential address of Maulana Hasrat Mohani at the fourteenth Muslim
League session in Ahmedabad, December 1921. Ibid., 1:662.
Presidential address of Hafi z Hidayat Husain at the twenty- third Muslim
League session in Delhi, November 1933. Ibid., 2:223.
Given his Westernized lifestyle, Jinnah was not an ideal Muslim, let alone
one to be speaking on behalf of the worldwide Muslim population. Describ-
ing his complex personality, Rajmohan Gandhi observes: “He seemed on
the way to leading India; he founded Pakistan instead. For much of his life
he championed Hindu- Muslim unity; later he demanded, obtained, and, for
a year, ran a separate Muslim homeland. Neither Sunni nor mainstream
Shiite, his family belonged to the small Khoja or Ismaili community led by
the Aga Khan; yet Mohammed Ali Jinnah was in the end the leader of In-
dia’s Muslims. Anglicized and aloof in manner, incapable of oratory in an
Indian tongue, keeping his distance from mosques, opposed to the mixing
of religion and politics, he yet became inseparable, in that fi nal phase, from
the cry of Islam in danger.” Gandhi, Eight Lives, 123.
Presidential address of M. A. Jinnah at the twenty- fi fth Muslim League ses-
sion in Lucknow, October 1937. Pirzada, ed., Foundations of Pakistan, 2:272.
For the text of the resolution adopted at the Lucknow session of the Muslim
League in October 1937, see ibid., 2:277– 278.
