index 349
170– 72, 181; opposition to Israel as
sign of “progressiveness” for Third
World countries, 20, 239, 243;
and Palestinian factor, 176– 81; and
reasons for delayed normalization
shortly after recognition, 124; and
reasons for delayed recognition of
Israel, 116– 17; and recognition of
Palestine state (1988), 121; reduction
in tension in the 1980s, 225; and
shift in Palestinian issue to po liti cal
liability following Kuwait invasion,
22, 240; and Suez crisis of 1956, 124,- See also Cold War; Egypt;
Kashmir; Middle East and Arab
countries; Non- Aligned Movement;
Pakistan; Soviet Union; Third World
countries
International Monetary Fund (IMF),
239
intifada, fi rst, 225, 232, 233. See also
al- Aqsa intifada
INTUC. See Indian National Trade
Union Congress
Iqbal, Muhammed, 63
Iran: India’s improved relations
with, 261– 62, 272; and Israeli
participation in Asian Games,
223; nuclear program, 155– 56;
reaction to India’s normalization
of relations with Israel, 261;
recognition of Israel, 118; rejection
of UN partition plan, 56; relations
with Israel, 137; support for federal
plan for Palestine, 98; and
UNSCOP, 94
Iran- Iraq war, 304n8
Iraq: absence from Asian Relations
Conference of 1947, 184; and Camp
David accords, 218; Jewish refugees
from, 127, 281n39; and shift in
Palestinian issue to po liti cal liability,
22, 240. See also Kuwait, Iraqi
invasion of
Isenberg, Shoul, 220
contacts, 250– 54, 261– 63; rationale
for normalization, 22, 239– 42, 268;
response of minority parties to
normalization, 253– 54; security
issues, 249; trade relations, 254– 56;
UPA government, 160, 254, 263;
and U.S. relations, 258– 60. See also
Rao, P.V. Narasimha; Singhn,
Manmohan
Indian National Congress (INC). See
Congress Party
Indian National Trade Union Congress
(INTUC), 135
Indonesia, 191, 223, 295n59
Indo- Pakistani war of 1965, 6, 202
Indo- Pakistani war of 1971 (Bangladesh
war), 6, 214– 17, 276n22, 309n36
international climate, 19– 20, 163– 81;
Arab- Islamic infl uence, 170– 76; and
Arab po liti cal and economic boycott
of Israel, 174– 76; and Arab
usefulness over Kashmir, 20;
changes following end of Cold War,
236, 239– 40, 268, 272; convergence
of Israeli and Indian interests,
164– 67; diff erentiation of bilateral
interests from peace pro cess,
248– 49; fallacies of conventional
wisdom on reasons for India- Israel
nonrelations, 166; and Great Britain
at the end of World War II, 86; and
India’s competition with Pakistan
for Arab support, 20; India’s limited
po liti cal leverage and economic
dependence on outside world, 21– 22;
India’s shared values with Arabs,
166 (see also imperialism;
Non- Aligned Movement);
international hostility to Israel
following oil crisis, 223; international
responses to normalization, 258– 63;
Israel as hostage to India- Pakistan
rivalry, 167– 70; Israel excluded from
Afro- Asiatic community, 164, 167,
194, 223; and June war of 1967,