356 i n d e x
and Israel policies in spite of armed
confl ict, 2, 4; formation of (1947), 73;
and Gandhi, 26; Hindu refugees
from, 158– 59; and al- Husseini (grand
mufti of Jerusalem), 121; as India’s
“center of gravity,” 6, 170; and India’s
concerns over Islamic bloc, 169;
India’s foreign policies shaped by
attitude of other countries toward
Pakistan, 6; and India’s military
cooperation with Israel, 156; India’s
rivalry with Muslim League
transformed into India- Pakistan
rivalry, 14, 157, 163– 64, 167, 193– 95,
266; Israel and India’s shared
security concerns, 229– 30; and
Jinnah, 286n25; and Khilafat
movement, 73; and Muslim League,
13, 78; nuclear program, 229– 30;
objections to secular Arab
nationalism and subsequent ties with
conservative regimes, 169; opposition
to Israel’s participation in Bandung
Afro- Asiatic Conference, 191, 193– 95;
Pakistan decoupled from Middle East
policy, 261, 268; perception of
conspiracy between “Hindu India”
and “Jewish Israel,” 168– 69; and
post- 1992 defense ties, 257; and
Rabat conference of 1969, 212;
Rahman’s emigration to, 103– 4, 145;
rejection of UN partition plan, 56;
and secularism, 168; UN
membership, 96. See also
Bangladesh; Indo- Pakistani war of
1965; Indo- Pakistani war of 1971
(Bangladesh war); Kashmir
Palestine Day (September 27, 1936),
45, 61
Palestine issue, 296n74; Asian
indiff erence to Jewish aspirations, 53;
Congress Party rationale for stance,
53– 56; as Congress Party tool for
enhancing pro- Arab and pro- Islamic
credentials in competition with thenormalization of relations with Israel,
prelude to, 224– 37; and bilateral
trade relations, 231– 32; and Davis
Cup tennis tie, 230– 31; and domestic
politics, 233– 34; end of Cold War,
225; impediments to normalization
in the late 1980s, 233– 35; and
intifada, 225; and Kuwait crisis, 225;
Rajiv Gandhi’s meetings with Israeli
offi cials and U.S. groups, 226– 28;
reduction in international tension in
the 1980s, 225; relaxation of visa
restrictions, 231; and security
concerns, 229– 30
Nu, U, 190, 194
nuclear program, 229– 30, 258– 59,
322n62
occupied territories, 206, 207, 216, 218,
220, 269
October war of 1973, 216
OIC. See Or ga ni za tion of the Islamic
Conference
oil crisis, 223
oil supplies. See energy security
Olsvanger, Immanuel: contacts with
Muslim leaders, 63; and Gandhi, 27,
33, 34; on missed opportunities to
cultivate ties to India, 65– 66; and
Nehru, 37, 44, 49, 62; visit to India
(1936), 62– 63, 81, 308n5
Olympics, Munich massacre, 180
Or ga ni za tion of the Islamic Conference
(OIC), 8, 211– 12, 219, 226, 232
Ottoman Empire, 69– 70. See also Arab
Revolt; Khilafat movement
Pakistan: Arab connections, 169– 70;
Arab support for Pakistan over India
in disputes, 202, 215– 17, 267; central
position in India’s foreign policy,
167– 70, 267; Congress Party– Muslim
League rivalry transformed into
India- Pakistan rivalry, 167– 70;
contrast between India’s Pakistan