86 MARK wOOLMER
direct cost savings: indirect benefits through improvements in agency costs, monitoring or
coordination within existing organizations and markets, and even the creation of new types
of market structures that are more efficient.
3 Benkler 2006 : 106–16 and Ober 2008 : 162.
4 See Coase 1988 ; Williamson 1981 ; Benkler 2006 : 106–16; North 1981 ; Keohane 1984.
5 Ober 2008 : 162.
6 Finley 1985b: 160.
7 See in particular Hopper 1979 : 57–8 and Gauthier 1985 : 157–62.
8 Lambert 2006 : 117. See also Lambert 2004 : 353–99; 2005: 125–59; 2007a: 101–54;
2007b: 67–100.
9 Engen 2010 : 76.
10 For example, Bissa’s recent study of governmental intervention in foreign trade in archaic
and classical Greece focused exclusively on three commodities: silver, grain, and timber
(Bissa 2009 ).
11 IG II^2 343 (= IG II^3 379). Schweigert 1940 : 343; Schwenk 1985 : no. 84; Engen 2010 : 310–11,
no. 28. Although Apollonides’ services are not recorded, it is likely that they were trade
related as he is honored on the recommendation of emporoi and naukleroi. The fact that the
inscription does not record Apollonides’ service is significant: on prior occasions when the
assembly had bestowed honors due to a recommendation from the mercantile community,
it was specifically because the recipient had taken care of emporoi and naukleroi who were
transporting grain to Athens (for instance, IG II^2 416[b] (= IG II^3 454); Tracy 1995 : 123,
127–8; Reed 2003 : 94–5, no. 7; Engen 2010 : 298–9, no. 20).
12 Walbank 1978 : 280–4 no. 50; Reed 2004: 125 no. 47; Engen 2010 : 278–9 no. 1.
13 For the date of Chaerephilus’ naturalization, see Davies 1971 : 566; Osborne 1983 : 75–6;
Garnsey 1988 : 150–4; Worthington 2000 : 297–8; Lambert 2006 : 132 note 68; Engen
2010 , 294–6.
14 Michell 1957 : 286–9; Engen 2010 : 295.
15 Walbank 2002 : 63. Line three of the inscription contains a lacuna that is followed by the
letters ΥΛΛΩΝ. Walbank believes that the letters form part of the name of a fish, either the
μύλλος a type of fish from the Black Sea, or a ὕλλος a fish native to the waters of Egypt,
whilst Lambert 2002 : 47 believes the letters form part of the word [ν]αύλλων (freight
charge) referring to the honorand’s reduction of his transport charges when trading in
Athens (cf. IG II^3 430).
16 Tod no. 162; Austin and Vidal-Naquet 1977 no. 86; Rhodes and Osborne 2003 no. 40.
17 Andoc. 1.133–4. Boeckh 1842 : 318; Hopper 1979 : 100.
18 For example, during the early 330s, whilst still recovering from the defeat at Chaeronea
in 338 BCE, Athens was able to generate approximately 300 talents from a revised
import/export tax. Amemiya 2007 : 97. Lycurg. 1.58; Dem. 21.133; 24.120; 34.7; 35.29–30;
59.27.
19 Xen. Hell. 1.1.22; Ephorus apud Diod. Sic. 13.63.
20 Michell 1957 : 256–7; Isager and Hansen 1975 : 23.
21 Möller 2007 : 379.
22 Hasebroek 1933 : 103; Gernet 1979 : 364–75; Burke 1992 : 199–226.
23 Amemiya 2007 : 106–14.
24 This should be unsurprising: in the same way that they were reticent about publicly
acknowledging that they profited from the taxes and harbor duties paid by their benefac-
tors, the Athenians were equally reluctant to announce that they also benefited from the
exports these men arranged.
25 Low 2005 : 99.
26 IG I^3 117 ; IG II^2 12 ; IG II^2 81 ; IG II^2 342 (= IG II^3 468ab); IG II^2 343 (= IG II^3 379); IG II^2
360 (= IG II^3 367); IG II^2 398b; Din. 1.43 (see also Ath. 3.119f–120a).
27 Bresson 2000 : 145–6.
28 Lewis 1959 : 208–308; Erxleben 1974 : 487; Davies 1971 : 566.