164 PETER ACTON
6 See Morris 2005 : 91–126; Tucker 1907 : 64–6; Richter 1966 : passim; Andrianou 2006. The
mix of non-agricultural activity seems to have been similar to that in much later societies,
such as North India under the sultanate in the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries (Habib 1982 ).
Neither then, nor under the Mughal emperors of the next three centuries did Indians spend
much on housing, although they spent heavily on luxury goods (Raychaudhuri 1982 ).
7 Meier 1993.
8 Burford 1972.
9 Harris 2002a.
10 Cohen 1992.
11 Harris 2006: 138–279.
12 Bresson 2000 ; 2007.
13 Davies 1998 ; 2001 ; 2005b.
14 For innovative analysis of economic matters, see especially Osborne 1991 , 1992 ; Morris
2002 ; Andreau 2002.
15 Horden and Purcell 2000 : 30. Cf. Harris 2002b: 67. 2002a.
16 Glotz 1926 : 142.
17 Hopper 1979 : chapter 7.
18 Finley 1973 : 116 with note 58 on Dem. 27.9-11.
19 Humphreys 1970: 21.
20 E.g. Aeschin. 1.97; Xen. Vect. 4.14; Dem. 27.9. A slave’s owner, or the owner of a gang of
slaves, received a fixed sum so that any profit and loss was taken by the foreman.
21 Scheidel, Morris and Saller 2007 : passim.
22 Cohen 1992 : 26.
23 Dem. 36.4. On the numbers of slaves, see Sargent 1924 : 97–8.
24 Arist. Eq. 44; van Driel-Murray 2008 : 491.
25 [Arist.] Ath. Pol. 27.5; Xen. Apol. 29; Davies 1971 : 40–1.
26 Australian Bureau of Statistics, Business Operations and Performance 2000–1; Eurostat 2012.
27 E.g., Glotz 1926 : 206; Hopper 1979 : 103; Bresson 2007 : chapter 7; Wilson 2008 : 393–5.
28 Smith 1999 [1776]: 1.
29 Henderson 1981 ; Stern in Stern and Stalk 1998 : 9–23.
30 Coase 1937 : 386–405.
31 Bresson 2007 : chapter 7.
32 According to a contemporary maker of hoplite shields, Mr. Craig Sitch of Manning
Imperial, Redan, Victoria, Australia, a team of six to eight workers using only human power
could produce a shield in three days. Four would be walking the shield round a lathe; one
or two would be sawing, shaping and gluing wood for the next shield to be turned; and one
or two making accoutrements for the previous one.
33 Thompson 1982 : 74.
34 Note that where the scarce resource is not capital but labour, the equivalent of the cost of
capital is the price of subsistence. If an individual cannot survive by applying his labour in a
particular product-market, he will need to find another form of work.
35 See Hyp. 3.9–10 with Reger 2005 : 260–72.
36 See Chandra 1979 : 23; Ogden 1992 : 41–55.
37 Glotz 1926 : 268.
38 Horoi nos. 7 (ergasterion), 87 (oikia and ergasterion), 88 (ergasterion), 89 (ergasterion and slaves),
90 (term ergasterion restored), 90a (ergasterion), 91 (ergasterion), 92 (kaminos and edaphe), 92b
(kapeleion), 161 (ergasterion) in the collection of Finley and Millett in Finley 1985a.
39 Horoi 7 (750 dr.), 87 (6,000 dr.), 88 (6,000 dr.), 90 (700 dr.), 92b (500 dr.).
40 Security worth double the amount of the loan: Harris 2006 : 180 with note 56.
41 See Harris 2002a: 81.
42 Shipton 2002: 133.
43 There would not have been room in the dockyards for all the textile metal and wood trades
who made boat components to make them on site. See Morrison in Morrison and Williams
1968 : 280–301; Coates 2005. Gabrielsen, 1994: 144–45.