INTRODUCTION 31
present the ancient world as a fully fledged market economy and those which
deny or downplay the role of markets altogether.
NOTES
1 See Wilkins 2000 : 11 note 28.
2 See Harris 2002 : 75–6.
3 Dem. 50.6, 56.9, 42.20, 42.31; cf. IG ii^2 360 lines 54–56; 408, lines 13-14; Ar. Ach. 758–759;
Pherecrates fr. 67 K-A.
4 Millett 1990 : 193.
5 See also Arist. Pol. 1.4.7-8.1259a; Xen. Mem. 2.10. For a garland seller going out of business
due to a drop in demand, see Ar. Thesm. 450–2. See also Eich 2006 : 275–6.
6 Goody 2006 : 42 attributes Polanyi’s and Finley’s ‘dislike of the market’ to ‘their socialist
ideology.’ One must, however, distinguish between Polanyi, who was a Christian Socialist
(though in the late 1930s sympathetic to Soviet Communism), and Finley, who in the
late 1930s and 1940s was a Stalinist. On Polanyi’s political views, see Nafissi 2005 : 127–48.
For Finley’s membership in the Communist Party of the USA during its Stalinist phase,
see Shrecker 1986: 172–9 and more recently Tompkins 2013 : 28. Finley was identified
as a member of the Communist Party of the USA in a sworn testimony by William
Canning before the Rapp-Coudert Committee in May 1941 and by Karl Wittfogel and
Bella Dodd before the Senate Committee on Internal Security in 1952. The file the FBI
kept on Finley records the statements of several ‘reliable sources’ that Finley was a mem-
ber of the Communist Party of the USA. Edward Harris would like to thank Daniel
Tompkins, who obtained the file under the Freedom of Information Act, for making it
available to him.
7 Finley 1973 : 22 quoting Roll 1945 : 373.
8 Finley 1973 : 22.
9 Finley 1973 : 23.
10 See, however, Loomis 1998 , who argues that wages increased during the fourth century
BCE as the result of inflation.
11 Finley 1973 : 26. Finley 1973 : 181 at note 29 provides no references to the relevant works
of Weber and Hasebroek, citing only Polanyi 1968. Finley’s statement is not quite accu-
rate: Weber often used the term ‘capitalism’ in his analysis of the economies of Ancient
Greece and Rome. See Love 1991. Polanyi also argued that in the fourth century BCE
Aristotle ‘discovered the economy.’ Polanyi’s view that there were no markets in the
ancient Near East has now been widely rejected. See the summary of recent work in
Masetti-Rouault 2008 ; see also Jursa 2010 passim and p. 46 on commodity prices.
12 Polanyi 1968 : 78–115; Love 1991.
13 Finley 1973 : 27.
14 Finley 1973 : 34.
15 Berry 1967 : 106.
16 For good reasons not to use the term ‘peasant’ to describe farmers in ancient Greece, see
Hanson 1995 : 107.
17 Harris 2002a. Cf. Davies 2007 and Archibald and Davies 2011 : 6. For the extensive special-
ization in the Roman Eastern Mediterranean, see Ruffing 2008. For a recent collection of
the archaeological evidence for workshops in Attica and the Peloponnese, see Sanidas 2013.
18 There was some criticism of Finley before 1995, but it did not tend to focus on the role
of markets. Thompson 1982 concentrated on the role of the entrepreneur; Cohen 1992
studied mainly Athenian loans and banking, whose importance he tends to exaggerate.
See the review of Bogaert 1995 (‘fondée principalement sur une interprétation faussée
des sources’), who decisively refutes Cohen’s view that Athenian banks made maritime
loans. For a more balanced view of the role played by banks in classical Athens see
Shipton 1997.