INTRODUCTION 35
98 Ober 2010: 257–8, although Ober does not take his argument to its logical conclusion and
link growth to the expansion of markets.
99 Kron 2011.
100 Scheidel 2010.
101 Ault 2007 ; Cahill 2002 ; Tsakirgis, Chapter 7 in this volume.
102 This can serve as an extreme example, since such households were more likely to be iso-
lated from market transactions than other types, e.g. metic households, which relied upon
the market for food and whose production was market-oriented.
103 If dyeing could be done at home (e.g. Ar. Eccl. 216), dyes will at least have had to be bought.
Cf. Tsakirgis, Chapter 7 in this volume.
104 Amyx 1958 : 275–80.
105 Olson 1991 ; Sparkes 1962.
106 Dem. 27.9 but cf. Xen. Cyr. 8.2.5 for amateur production. See also Andrianou 2009.
107 A character in a fragment of Plato Comicus (fr. 211 K-A) even mentions buying tarichos
for his slaves. For tarichos as relatively meagre fare, see also Ar. Ach. 1101. In Alexis fr. 15 K-A
a character reckons up his contribution to a dinner: five chalkoi are spent on tarichos (cf.
Nicostratus fr. 5 K-A).
108 See Davidson 1997 : 7.
109 On sausages, see Frost 1999 ; for their proverbial cheapness, see Dioxippus fr. 1 K-A. For the
market for non-sacrificial meat, see Naiden 2013 : 232–75. In Epiphus fr. 15 K-A an owner
sends his slave to market to buy Theban eels, small fowl and a hare; the slave retorts that his
master is a cheapskate. These items were obviously modestly priced.
110 Wilkins 2000 : 304–11.
111 Pack animals and carts allowed farm produce to be brought to market. On carts, see Lorimer
1903. The demand for carts in Athens enabled the existence of two occupations: wheel-
wrights (trochopoioi) and cartwrights (hamaxourgoi). For the maintainance of roads in Attica,
see [Arist.] Ath.Pol. 54.1. For roads in the deme of Atene, see Lohmann 1993 : 235–9. For
wagons bringing wine to the agora, see Poll. Onom. 7.192–3. See also Ehrenberg 1962: plate
IV c and V b.
112 Cf. Henneberg and Henneberg 2003. Their stable isotope analysis of skeletal remains from
urban and rural sites within Metaponto’s chora ‘suggest a substantial proportion of marine
food in the diet and a slightly (though not statistically significant) higher proportion of
marine food in the diet of urban people’ (at p. 34). That the urban dwellers consumed more
fish is hardly surprising: what may surprise some is the fact that country dwellers also ate a
good deal of fish.
113 A special market day: see Lewis, Chapter 14 in this volume.
114 For going to the barbers, see Lewis 1995 ; for Greek bath houses, see Ginouvès 1962.
115 Harris 2002a: 77–8.
116 See Ehrenberg 1962: 88 note 4.
117 Van Wees 2004 : 52–3.
118 It is hard to know whether the twenty machairopoioi owned by Demosthenes’ father (Dem.
27.9) were makers of swords: the term machaira has a broad semantic range and includes
butcher’s knives, razors and shearing knives as well as weapons. See appendix s.v.
119 For such a picture, see Braund 1994.
120 Harris 2002a: 82–3; Harris 2015.
121 See Harris 2002a: 70–1.
122 By this we do not mean that most individuals worked in retail or crafts; clearly agriculture
was the largest single occupation (Harris 2002a: 69).
123 Note that some of these terms are synonyms for occupations listed in Harris 2002a, and
thus have not added numerically to our total. Terms with an asterisk denote conjectural
forms for attested occupations. Bowyer (toxopoios*: Poll. Onom. 7.156); swordsmith
(xiphourgos: Ar. Pax 547); woodcutter (hylotomos: IG I^3 1361; cf. Arist. Pol. 1258b.31 ‘hyloto-
mia’); wood-carrier (hylophoros: Aristomenes, testimonium iv K-A); funeral urn-maker