Notes to Chapter 1
1 Lintott (1999), chs.7–8. See below for Augustus’ use of imperium and
tribunician potestas.
2 Scheidel (1999a).
3 Seager (2013).
4 In fact, Claudius, like his brother, was a grandson of Mark Antony, and was also
directly descended from Caesar’s virulent opponent L. Domitius Ahenobarbus.
5 AE 1996, 885, ll. 159–165
6 Nero promised a donative but did not hand it over until 59, when he blamed
Agrippina for the delayed payment. No source says how much he handed out.
7 Syme (1971), 165: ‘Nerva could only save himself by a virtual abdication,
surrendering before the legate of Germania Superior.’ See, in greater detail, Syme
(1958), 10ff.
8 There was a brief but futile attempt by the senate to regain the initiative in 238,
with the appointment of two Gordiani and Pupienus and Balbinus.
9 Estiot and Salaün (2004).
10 Garnsey and Humfress (2001), ch.1; Potter (2004), Parts II–IV.
11 Caesar held the dictatorship four times from 49 BC and was made dictator for
life early in 44 BC.
12 This was Augustus’ political testament, originally carved in bronze and set up at
his mausoleum at Rome. Copies survive on stone inscriptions in Galatia in
Anatolia (central Turkey). See Cooley (2009).
13 Fergus Millar has provoked a lively debate with the argument that Roman
Republican politics was ‘democratic’ in nature. See Millar (1998, 2002), Part II,
chs. 3–6; North (1990); Mouritsen (2001); Hölkeskamp (2010), with
bibliography.
14 Mommsen (1871); Winterling (2009).
15 On equestrians and the employment of senators in administrative posts, see
chs. 3 and 8 of this volume.
16 Crook (1955); Eck (2000).
17 Zanker (1988).
18 Maecenas is best known as a patron of culture, more particularly of Augustan
poetry, in the fi rst years of the new regime. For the view that his infl uence, and
NOTES
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