238 NOTES TO PAGES 9–17
later, that of Crispus, was far from benign, see Syme (1939), 409, cf. 298, with
an eye to Tacitus, Ann. 1.6; 3.30 and Velleius 2.88.19 Garnsey (1970); Talbert (1984).
20 Talbert (1984). Some of these took the form of imperial orationes , resolutions
originating in the presentation of business by the emperor.
21 Kelly (1957); Garnsey (1970); Millar (1992), 228–240; Peachin (1996). For a
full treatment of the impact of the imperial regime on law and legal practice, see
Capogrossi Colognesi (2014).
22 Turpin (1999).
23 However, no imperial tribunician veto is attested, and only Augustus (in 18 BC )
and Nerva (a lex agraria ) appear to have produced tribunician laws.
24 Beard, North and Price (1998), 182.
25 Millar (1967a, 1977). See Crook (1996) on the consular imperium.
26 See Zanker (1988); Price (1984); Beard, North and Price (1998); Noreña
(2011); Ewald and Noreña (2010).
27 Text in Crawford (1996). See also Brunt (1977); Crook (1996); Levick (1999b);
Griffi n (2000); Winterling (2009); Capogrossi Colognesi and Tassi Scandone
(2009).
28 Mommsen (1871–1888), 2, 750ff; Jolowicz (1954), 337.
29 Halfmann (1979); Hopkins (1983c), 184–193; Bowersock (1994); Levick
(1999b), ch.11. And see this volume, ch. 8 Addendum.
30 Brunt (1983). See ch. 3 and ch. 8 Addenda in this volume.
31 Hopkins (1983c); Scheidel (1999a).
32 Bauman (1974); Rutledge (2001).
33 Garnsey (1970), 44ff.
34 Lendon (1997).
35 For detailed discussion and careful evaluation of the evidence for disaffection
and disorder in the empire, see ch. 4 with Addendum and ch. 8 Addendum.
36 See ch. 4.
37 Shaw (1984b).
38 Contra , Braund (1993).
39 Dacia was lost again in 270.
40 Duncan-Jones (1996); Scheidel (2012a), with bibliography, on the effects of the
Antonine ‘plague’. For a general treatment of natural disasters in Roman times,
see Toner (2013). On general demographic trends in the early empire, see
Scheidel (2007a), 42–52. Scheidel estimates a rise in population from ca.50
million to ca.70 million over the period from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius.
Demographic growth, more particularly where it involved increased
urbanization, might have deleterious effects on the health and physical well- being
of the population. See Scheidel (2012b) and ch. 2 Addendum in this volume.
41 A legion under Cornelius Fuscus was lost on the Danube in AD 92 during the
reign of Domitian. See Suet. Dom. 6.1; Tac. Agr. 41; Dio 68.9.4. No other
legion is known to have been destroyed after the reign of Augustus.