NOTES TO PAGES 17–24 23942 Woolf (2012), 201–5. Of course emperors were regularly ‘on the move’, (more
or less diligently) received embassies, handled petitions, made legal and
administrative decisions, and so on – as demonstrated by Millar (1992). And see
chapter 3 with Addendum.
43 The Marcomanni and their allies penetrated as far south as Aquileia. Parts of
the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum were raided.
44 Gruen (1996).
45 On taxation, see Neesen (1980); Brunt ( 1990), 324–44; Bang (2013); Scheidel
(forthcoming).
46 More particularly up to the arrival of the Antonine ‘plague’. Note that climatic
conditions were relatively favourable under the early Empire. See note 40. See
McCormick (2013).
Notes to Chapter 2
1 Strabo 286; cf. Varro 1.2. On Italy, also Pliny, HN 37.201–2; 3.39–42. Brunt
(1978), 164ff. assembles the texts, mainly from Livy, Cicero and Polybius, on
non- geographical causal factors.
2 Thomson (1948), 106ff.
3 See Walker (1965), Part I; Braudel (1975), vol. I, part I, 1–4. With special
reference to antiquity, Semple (1932); Cary (1949).
4 According to an estimate of Hopkins (1978a), 68–9, 32 per cent of the six
million inhabitants of Italy were urban residents.
5 See CAH X ch.9,12; XI ch.4,6 for standard accounts of conquest and frontier
development. Also Luttwak (1976); G.B.D. Jones (1978).
6 Klotz (1931); Dilke (1985), ch.3.
7 The motive of (universal) conquest is stressed by Brunt, JRS 53 (1963), 170–6,
Wells (1972). On imperial decision- making in strategic matters, see Millar
(1982).
8 See Sherwin-White (1973), 259ff. with bibliography; Saller (1982), ch.5.
9 Victor: CIL XIII 1042–5, 1037; cf. AE 1888, 51,170. Consult Devijver
(1976–1980), vol.3, Geographica A 1143ff., C 1153ff., etc.
10 Sherwin-White (1967), 55. Classicianus: Tacitus, Ann. 14.38.
11 Pfl aum (1950), 183ff., 186, 190ff.; Devijver (n.9); Millar (1964), 184ff.; Sasel
(1982), Burnand (1982), and contributions by A.R. Birley and W. Eck in the
same volume; Alföldy (1978); Drinkwater (1979), and for a fuller treatment,
Drinkwater (1983).
12 AE 1956, 124, with Pfl aum (1960), no. 181 bis + add.; Mócsy, PW Suppl. s.v.
‘Pannonia’ IX. 2.713–14.
13 ‘In the course of the next sixty years Danubian senators are far to seek’ Syme
(1971), 180. Cf. the meteoric rise and sudden fall of Aelius Triccianus in the
next generation, PIR 2 A 271.
14 Campbell (1984), 408–9 with bibliography.