318 INDEX
citizenship, 28, 41, 48, 54, 59, 64, 66,
113, 131, 134–5, 138–40, 143,
145–6, 168, 174–6, 217, 220
civic rights, 45, 203
civil service, see bureaucracy
Civilis, 30–1, 57–8, 62, 64
class, 32–3, 47, 65, 72–3, 95, 101, 109,
126, 132–5, 147–8, 153, 156, 162,
176, 180, 219, 221, 232, 248, n.
34, 251 n. 19; governing class, 8,
24, 29, 32, 47, 60, 62–4, 195–7,
207, 229; and property, 97, 120,
133–4, 142, 146, 152, 166, 219,
232–3; upper-classes, 13, 22, 28,
47, 72, 75, 77, 120, 152, 156–7,
159, 181, 189, 195–6, 218; see also
‘middle class’; ‘middling classes’
Classicus, 58
Claudius, 5–6, 11–13, 16–18, 21, 23,
28, 38–9, 60, 111, 113, 139, 142,
155, 190, 193, 196, 235, 313, 237
n. 4
Claudius, bandit, 56
climate, 19–20, 26–7, 30–1, 97, 108,
112, 239 n. 46; change of, 32–3;
climatic zones, 31, 94, 100
clothing, 72, 75, 78, 106, 110, 114,
116–18, 137, 139–41, 143–4, 171,
179, 232
coinage, 7, 11, 62, 77, 90, 191, 195,
217; debasement of, 36
Colchester, 60, 62–3, 190
collegia, associations, 49, 55, 81, 90,
113, 181–3, 187, 234
Cologne, 60, 63, 189, 225
colonate, 136, 232
coloniae, 40–1, 45, 51, 63, 78, 106,
190–1, 217–18, 223, 255 n. 20;
colonization, 31, 78, 116, 229
Columella, 73, 85, 88, 93–4, 97, 99,
101, 104–7, 135, 156, 244 n. 28
Commodus, 6–7, 15–16, 39, 59, 195,
313
communications, 20, 27, 201, 203
connection, 4, 14, 32, 72, 168, 177,
185, 191, 201, 218, 226;
connectivity, 89, 192, 225–6
consilium principis, 8, 15, 39, 53
Constantine, 7, 43, 166, 199, 314
constitution, Roman, 8–12, 19, 41–2,
131, 175, 194; of cities, 42, 45,
51, 223; imperial, 9, 12, 134
consuls, 8, 36–7, 167; consulship, 11,
29, 39–40, 167
consumption and demand, 33, 71–2,
76–80, 82–6, 88, 99–100, 106,
109–15, 120–21, 123, 127, 218,
225, 231, 246 n. 2, 247, n. 17;
conspicuous, 83, 143–4, 165;
subsistence, 71–2, 78–9, 91,
101–2, 106, 109–10, 119, 121–3,
125, 182, 231, 242 n. 43; see also
cities, consumer
Coptic, see cultures
Cornelius Fuscus, 238 n. 41
Corocotta, 64
corruption, 49, 52, 176, 177, 230
craftsmen, 71, 79, 113; 115, 216, 218,
222, 225; see also manufacture
Crassus, 3, 17, 21
Crawford, M.H., 18, 54, 72, 243 n. 2
Crook, J.A., 170, 250 n. 10
crops, 20, 78, 83, 103, 105–7, 230;
cash, 83–4, 101, 122; mix, 88,
106; see also agriculture; grain;
olives; wine
cults, 11, 181, 188–91, 218, 220,
226–7, 234; foreign, 191, 192–4,
197, 202–3; individual, 200;
Jewish, 65–6; local, native,
189–97, 219, 226; mystery, 196,
201–2; oriental, 194, 201–2;
persecution, 196–7, 235; public,
199; Roman, 187–8, 191, 202,
234; see also emperors, cult of;
Christianity; Isis; Jews; Magna
Mater; Manichaeism; Mithras;
Roma
cultures: cultural activity, 222, 224–7;
cultural history, 200, 222;
Graeco-Roman, 20, 22, 25–8,
30–3, 40, 44, 64, 107, 139, 141,
147, 153, 191, 207, 210–11,
222–4, 229, 235–6, 237 n. 18;
local, 30–1, 44, 46, 59, 65, 67,
200, 207, 214, 217–19,
221–2, 229–30, 235–6; non-
Mediterranean, 25–31, 65, 229,