The Roman Empire. Economy, Society and Culture

INDEX 323

36, 41, 74–5, 77, 82, 84, 93, 106,

112–13, 117–18, 120; see also
investment; labour
languages: Aramaic, 219, 225, 227;
Celtic, 214, 219; Greek, 217, 222,
233; Latin, 214, 217–8, 224;
Libyan, 214; local, 67, 214, 219,
220, 225; multilingualism, 211,
223–5; Punic, 214, 219, 225;
Syriac, 219
latifundia, 93–4, 99, 231
law, 4, 8–9, 11–12, 16, 35, 46, 75, 134,
139, 144, 152, 171, 176, 224;
administration of 37, 39, 47–9,
133, 176–7, 180, 210, 218–9, 221;
customary, 8, 165–6; and
inequality, 132–5, 138–40, 142–3;
and order, 16, 35, 46, 134, 196,
197, 229; commercial, 79, 81–2,
90; emperor as legislator, 9, 39,
134, 139; local, 41, 46, 54, 64–6,
125, 134, 140; Noachide, 66;
property rights, 134, 232; schools
of, 217–8; see also lex; marriage;
paterfamilias; police; unrest
legates, imperial, 29, 37, 40, 48–9, 50,
52
legumes, 33, 104
Lepcis Magna, 23, 41, 189, 214, 216,
219
Lepidus, triumvir 8
lex, 9, 12; agrarian, 106, 238 n. 23; de
imperio Vespasiani, 11–12,
Irnitana, 154; Julia et Papia, 12;
Papia Poppaea, 113
libertas, 3, 14, 58
Libya, 19, 23, 36, 214, 219, 220, 225
life expectancy, 33, 161, 233; see also
infants, mortality of; mortality
Ligures Baebiani, 101, 245 n. 2
lineage, 145; agnatic, 153, 155, 164,
168
literature, 17, 25, 31, 55, 101, 132,
156, 158, 171, 179, 201, 209,
211; epic, 209, 227; epigram, 176,
224, 227; Greek, 17, 59, 211, 222;
Greek renaissance, 211; history-
writing, 209; see also Josephus,
Tacitus; Latin, 40, 73, 152, 162,

176–7, 209–10; 215, 223, 235;

poetry, 132, 209, 214, 222, 235;

anti-Roman, 58; Syriac, 65

liturgies, see euergetism

loans, see debt; moneylending

Lucian, 211, 226

Lucius, son of Julia, 5

Lugdunum, 60

Lycia, 28, 57, 124, 216

Macrinus, 7, 9, 29, 313

Maecenas, 9, 93, 179, 195–6, 209,

234; gardens of, x

magic, 196, 199, 203, 208

Magna Mater, 193–4, 202

maiestas, 11, 14, 61

Maktar, 146, 191, 219

malaria, 90, 170

management, see land, management of

Manichaeism, 227

manufacture, 72, 74–5, 116, 146; state

ownership of, 74; trade in

manufactured goods, 115–6;

underdevelopment of, 71, 76, 79;

see also ceramics; clothing;

craftsmen

manumission, 39, 134, 138, 142, 146,

233

manus 152, 158

marble, ix–x, 90, 225

Marcomanni, 17, 239 n. 43

Marcus Aurelius, xi, 6, 15–17, 23–4,

51, 53, 78, 92, 146, 190, 197–8,

208, 210–1, 213, 313, 238 n. 40

Mariccus, 62

markets, ix, 72–3, 75, 77–8, 83, 85–9,

95, 101–2, 112–3, 117–8, 120,

122–3, 125, 127, 138, 191, 213,

220; and culture, 226

Maroboduus, 57

marriage, 4, 72, 96–7, 153–3, 156,

158–60, 164–5, 168–9, 170,

231–2; age at, 160–2, 178, 232;

imperial legislation on, 12, 136,

138, 151, 166; law of, 152, 154–5,

160, 163–4; values of, 156–8, 209;

see also wives

Martial, 97, 159, 176, 179, 209, 215

Marx, K., 133, 147, 232