The Roman Empire. Economy, Society and Culture

324 INDEX

Marxist historiography, 147–8
Masada, 63
Mauretania, 191, 221–2
Maximinus, 7, 29, 314
meat, 26, 33, 110, 114–5, 117
Mediterranean, 19–33, 42, 80–3, 89,
94, 103–4, 108, 109, 122–4, 126,
156, 169, 188, 193, 207, 211,
225, 229
Meroe, 57
Mesopotamia, 21, 57, 65, 74
Messiah, messianism, 60–1
metals, 78, 90, 216
‘middle class’, lack of, 147
‘middling classes’, 97, 147
Millar, F., xviii, 53, 67, 226
mines, mining, 21, 90, 141–2
Mishnah, 65, 227
Mithras, 194, 196, 202
mobility, social, 134, 145–7, 151, 183,
233
models, economic, 74, 76–7, 147, 203;
computer simulation, 161–2, 168,
170
Moesia, 29–30, 43, 116, 220
monarchy, xvii, 3, 7, 47, 49, 58, 187,
194, 196, 207–9, 229, 234–5
money, 26, 46, 58, 60, 77, 80, 83–4,
94, 98, 106, 118–9, 128, 140, 144,
159, 175–6, 179, 220, 231
moneylending, 72
monotheism, 192, 197, 204
monuments, 177, 191, 213–4, 222,
224; Augustan, 224; monumental
complexes, 223
morbidity, 33
mortality, 33, 38, 90, 123, 168, 170,
234; see also infants, mortality of
mosaics, ix, 216, 221, 223, 225
mothers, 7, 92, 95, 152–3, 158, 162,
165, 168–70; mothers-in-law, 168
mountains, 21, 25–7, 29, 56, 94
municipium, 40–1, 45, 203, 217
munifi cence, public, see euergetism

Nag Hammadi, 204
Nasamones, 57
Narbonensis, 30–1, 190
Nero, 5–7, 13–4, 18, 23, 39, 56, 85,

93, 182, 208–9, 213, 216, 224,

313

Nerva, 6, 13–14, 66, 313

New Testament, 59, 183, 200

Nile, 28, 123

Noricum, 29–30, 239 n. 43

Numidia, 45, 50, 57, 104, 120, 146,

177, 191, 217

nurses, wet-, 162, 215

nutritional status, see health

obaerarii, 135

obsequium, 14

Octavian, see Augustus

old age, 171

olives and olive oil, 26, 30, 33, 77, 82,

91, 94, 112, 115, 127

oracles, 61, 65

oratory, 8, 143, 173, 180, 183, 209–11,

214, 224, 235

orders and rank, 22, 136–41, 145, 147,

232; inversion of, 142; see also

decurions; equestrians; senate and

senators; status

orphans, 168, 170

Ostia, 87, 203, 218

Otho, 313

oxen, 79, 94

paganism, pagans, 61, 64, 66, 197,

204

painting, 212–3, 216, 227

Pannonia, 24, 29–31, 57–8, 60, 63,

220

Parthia, 17, 21–2, 56–7, 212, 227

partnership, 81

pastoralism, 94

pasturage, 92, 94

paterfamilias, patria potestas, 151–5,

160–4, 169–70

patricians, 145

patronage, 14, 35, 40, 45, 65, 168,

176, 177–83; municipal and

provincial, 177, 183; of collegia,

181; of literature and the arts,

103, 207–210, 213

Pausanias, 44, 204, 211, 226

pax, 15–8, 55, 78, 198

peasants, 22, 32, 56, 58, 60, 85, 100–3,