326 INDEX
Raetia, 239 n. 43
rank, see orders and rank; status
rebellion, see revolts; unrest
reciprocity, 78, 173–80
religion, state, 187–8, 190–1;
conservatism of, 193–9;
Durkheimian and Weberian views
of, 203; see also army, and
religion; cults
rent, 22, 76–7, 79, 83, 85, 88, 98, 106,
112–3, 118, 120, 122, 127, 135,
175, 231; share-cropping, 98;
see also investment; tenants
reproduction, patterns of, 171
revolts, suppression of, 16, 31, 55–67,
190; see also unrest; army,
mutinies
rhetoric, Greek, 28, 210, 222, 223;
Latin, 209–10, 215, 223, 235
Rhine, Rhineland, 17, 21, 24, 32, 57,
60, 115, 117
rivers, 19, 20–1, 23, 27, 45, 79, 87–8
roads, 22, 27–8, 43, 63, 220, 223
Roma, cult of, 188–9
romanitas, 223–4
romanization, 30, 40, 61, 132, 134,
189–90, 207, 214–26
Rome, city of, ix–xi, 11, 18–19, 21,
139, 144, 180, 200, 202, 210,
212, 214–5, 218, 222–4, 226–7;
administration of, 37–8, 182; as
consumer, 20, 22, 75, 77, 83–90,
109–114, 119–20, 122–3, 127;
population of, 20, 22, 33, 88, 123;
see also plebs; Roma
Rostovtzeff, M.I., 85
ruler-cult, see emperors, cult of
sacrifi ce, human, 192, 235
salutatio, 144, 176–7
sanctuary, 65, 226
sarcophagus, x–xi, 218, 225
Sardinia, 38, 120, 122, 219, 247 n. 21
Satyricon, see Petronius
Scheidel, W., 33, 52–4, 147–8, 170–1
Scotland, 21, 57, 114
scrolls, sacred to Jews, 60, 66
senate and senators, 3–8, 11–13, 15,
17, 29, 39–41, 45, 48–9, 58, 126,
137, 142, 144–5, 156–7, 165,
167, 176, 178–80, 182, 194–6,
202, 208, 210, 232–4, 237 n. 8,
239 n. 13, 241 n. 37;
administrative functions of, 8–13,
35–40, 47, 53–4, 175, 183, 187,
194; census of, 64, 91–2, 95, 136;
order of, 136–7; recruitment and
provincialization of, 14–15, 23–4,
39–40, 131, 145; status of,
139–40, 148, 232; wealth, 14,
73–5, 77, 91–5, 100, 179;
see also orders and rank; status
Seneca the elder, 210, 215
Seneca the younger, 93–4, 100, 143–4,
158, 162, 164–6, 168, 173–4, 179,
183, 192, 208, 210, 215
Septimius Severus, 6–7, 14–16, 21, 24,
28–9, 37, 41, 43–5, 53, 111–15,
119, 213, 216–17, 219, 313
Serapis, 61
Severus Alexander, 7, 22, 29, 202,
314
ships, 77, 80, 113; shipwrecks, 80, 89;
see also trade; travel
shortage, see famine
Sicily, ix, 20, 27, 94, 104–7, 120,
122–3, 135, 219, 222
sitones, 124
skeletal remains, human; see health;
stable isotope analysis; standard
of living; stature; status,
nutritional
slaves, 16, 36, 63, 70–80, 97–8, 108–9,
123, 131, 134–5, 138, 141–4,
147–8, 152–3, 156, 158, 161–2,
171, 196, 232–3; as a class, 133,
148; in agriculture, 74, 82, 85–7,
93–4, 97–9, 101–2, 108, 115, 135,
231; in commerce, 75, 81, 141–2;
in law, 139–40, 171, 233; in
manufacture, 79, 99; in the
household, 141–4, 146–7;
manumission of, see freedmen; see
also family; manumission
social stratifi cation, see status
sons, see children
sophists, 28, 197, 211, 215; Second
Sophistic, 204, 211