consumers, and with a regular rhythm of communication, probably
connected with other transportation needs. These regionally orientated
producers included Ilion, Corinth, Miletos, and Samos, and in the
northern Aegean, Ainos, Oisyme, and Samothrace. Sites that seem to
have developed particularly close or intense relations with given entre-
pôts on a larger scale included Akanthos and Mende in Chalkidike, and
the island of Peparethos, just north of Euboia. Only a small number of
producers, no more than four in all (Thasos, Kos, Knidos, and Rhodes)
can be said to have had truly large export distribution patterns, with
continuous production throughout this period.^14
The proportion of this export trade that was shipped to different
localities did vary over time, however. The output of Thasian wine
amphoraehas been studied in terms of the volume of jars produced at
known production sites on the island, as well as in terms of the numbers
of stamps that have been recovered at recipient centres. Although stamps
represent an unknown proportion of the gross output of wine jars, there
are various ways of estimating the relationship between stamps and
unstamped jars. Some 28,000–30,000 Thasian stamps are available for
study and the comparative incidence of Thasian stamps at different
recipient centres, particularly when shorter episodes can be juxtaposed,
does provide useful information for the full course of the island’s output.
The earliest Thasian wineamphoraedid not travel very far. During the
course of thefifth century, this pattern of local exchange began to
expand. In the laterfifth century, between 70 per cent and 90 per cent
of Thasian jars were exported outside the island’s immediate hinterland
(the island’speraia, or mainland possessions), primarily to consumer
centres along the western and northern Black Sea coast, a proportion of
which penetrated to dozens of known locations in the Thracian and
Macedonian interior. There were intermediateemporia, along the main
river arteries, at various distances from the coast, through which
amphoraewere trans-shipped to sites farther inland. These included
Pella, on the River Loudias, in Macedonia (Fig. 2.1); a large penumbra
in the hinterland of Odessos and in the Valley of the Roses, much of it
probably river-borne; a number of sites between Edirne and Dimitrov-
grad in the middle Hebros valley (Fig. 4.7);^15 Adjiyska Vodenitsa, near
Vetren, in the Thracian Plain (Fig. 4.7, nos 27, 32, 39, 48, 56; Fig. 4.8, nos
(^14) Panagou (forthcoming) identifies 58 potential centres ofamphoraproduction in the
eastern Mediterranean, of which 51 have been located with reasonable confidence.
(^15) Archibald 1998, 116–17 andfig. 9.5, for a preliminary analysis of sites; Triandaphyllos
2007 (middle Hebros valleyfinds); Balkanska and Tzochev 2008 (Seuthopolis); Tzochev
2010 (southern Thrace).
200 Regionalism and regional economies