partial insights.^74 The need for significant investment is less evident in
smaller towns, where we do see closely-packed urban settlement pat-
terns, as in the Hellenistic phase of Agios Panteleimon, the lakeside town
south-east of modern Florina.^75 The contrast between Aigeai, with its
distributed plan and evidence of a number of successive alignments, and
Pella, which was clearly intended to be an up-to-date capital, is telling.^76
Much of the city plan belongs to the early Hellenistic period, and far less
is known about the city’s organization in the fourth centurybc.^77 Here,
as at Edessa, Aigeai, and elsewhere in Macedonia, just as in Thrace, in
coastal locations, such as Abdera and Maroneia, and in the interior,
much of the evidence for systematic urbanization in terms of street
planning and urban amenities begins to become visible, in material
terms, from the third century onwards. That does not mean that these
processes began only in Hellenistic times. On the contrary, there is
plentiful evidence of urban beginnings, as we have seen; but the burden
Fig. 2.3.Much of central Chalkidike, especially the eastern half, is mountainous
and has been heavily wooded since the early Holocene, despite a long history of
human exploitation for fuel and construction purposes.
(^74) Teos and Lebedosc. 303 bc, under Antigonos I:Syll. (^3) 344 = Bagnall and Derow 2004:
11 – 75 15, no.7 and Austin^2 : no. 48 with further refs; Cohen 1995: 188–91.
Adam-Veleni 1998, 19–46; M. Lilimbaki-Akamati and I. Akamatis,AEMY19 (2005)
[2007], 569 76 – 77.
Akamatis 2006a, 615–26; Akamatis 2011, 393–408.
(^77) Akamatis 2011, 394–5, 403.
72 Herdsmen with golden leaves—narratives and spaces