The Spread of Buddhism

early buddhism in china: daoist reactions 237

[.. .] Feeding one thousand good men is not as good as feeding one who

observes the  ve precepts. Feeding ten thousand men who observe the

 ve precepts is not as good as feeding one stream-winner. Feeding one

million stream-winners is not as good as feeding one once-returner. Feed-

ing ten million once-returners is not as good as feeding one non-returner.

Feeding one hundred million non-returners is not as good as feeding one

arhat. Feeding one billion arhats is not as good as feeding one solitary bud-

dha (pratyekabuddha). Feeding ten billion solitary buddhas is not as good as

liberating one’s parents in this life by means of the teaching of the three

honoured ones. To teach one hundred billion parents is not as good as

feeding one buddha, studying with the desire to attain buddhahood and

aspiring to liberate all beings. [.. .]^161

The second section describing the Buddhist monks, the ramaa, is
dropped, too. Its relevant passage reads in the Buddhist version:

The Buddha said: “Those who shave their heads and faces are ramaa.

They receive the teaching, abandon worldly wealth und possessions, and

beg, seeking only what is necessary. Taking a single meal at midday, and

lodging a single night under a tree, they take care not to repeat either.

[.. .]”^162

As the Daoists neither shaved their heads nor went around begging
for food there was no need to keep this section in the Daoist version
of the text. Also, sections concerning the Buddhist philosophy of the
constituents of the body and the “I” or “self ” are abandoned like the
following, section 18:

The Buddha said: “Ardently contemplate the four primary elements that

comprise the body. While each has a name, they are all devoid of self.

The [sense of an] “I” emerges from the aggregate, but it is not long lived

and is really but an illusion.”^163

Small wonder then, that the Buddhist philosophy of impermanence
found no place in the Daoist version of the text as well, as Yang Xi
did not include section 16 which reads:

The Buddha said: “When gazing at Heaven and Earth contemplate their

impermanence. When gazing at mountains and rivers contemplate their

impermanence. When gazing at the tremendous variety of shapes and

forms of the myriad things in the world contemplate their impermanence.

If you keep your mind thus you will attain the Way in no time.”^164

(^161) Zhen gao 6.8a.
(^162) Sishier zhang jing 722b.
(^163) Op. cit., p. 723a.
(^164) Loc. cit.