14 continental south asia and the islands
Borneo but note that Gerini places it on the east coast of Sumatra.
If Po-ni was situated in northern Borneo, the sailing distances would
be about right.
T’o-huan: According to Chiu T’ang shu 197:2b, it was situated in the
great ocean southwest of Lin-yi, more than 3 months’ voyage distant
from Chiao-chih, bordering in the southeast on To-ho-lo.^27 According
to Schafer,^28 it probably was one of the Moluccas.
Mo-yi:Sung shih and Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao say nothing about the loca-
tion of this country. According to Hirth and Rockhill,^29 Chao Ju-kua
used this name^30 as applying to Mindoro and Luzon, if not all the
Philippine Islands.
Ko-lo-she: According to T’ung-tien 18:71b, Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei p.5025,
andWen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 332:16b, it was situated south of the southern
ocean and bordered in the east on To-ho-lo.^31
Kan-t’ang: According to Hsin T’ang shu 222C:2a and Wen-hsien
t’ung-k’ao 331:12b, it was situated south of the ocean.
Chu-na or Shu-na: According to Hsin T’ang shu 222C:2a, it was
reached by sea from Chiao-chih in 3 months. According to Wen-hsien
t’ung-k’ao 331:12b, it was situated 2 months’ voyage south of Fu-nan.
To-mo-ch’ang: According to Hsin T’ang shu 222C:5a and Wen-hsien
t’ung-k’ao 332:16b, it was situated on an island and northward faced
K’o-ling.
P’an-p’an:^32 According to Chiu T’ang shu 197:2a, it was situated
at the sea, 40 days distant by ship from Chiao chou (Chiao-chih).
According to T’ung-tien 188:70b, it was a big island in the southern
ocean. Herrmann^33 shows it on the northern part of the Malay Pen-
insula. According to Schafer,^34 P’an-p’an was once powerful on the
Malay Peninsula.
Tan-tan:^35 According to Hsin T’ang shu 222C:5b, it was situated
(^27) If this is true, To-ho-lo cannot have been Dv§ravati in present Thailand.
(^28) Golden Peaches, pp.101-102.
(^29) Chao Ju-kua, p.160, note 1, and 277.
(^30) He wrote it Ma-yi.
(^31) This is still another argument against To-ho-lo being Dv§ravati.
(^32) Sui shu,Chiu T’ang shu,Hsin T’ang shu, and Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei write the name with
radical 108, T’ung-tien and Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao with radical 75.
(^33) Atlas, p. 39.
(^34) Golden Peaches, p.81.
(^35) Sui shu and Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao transliterate the name with the character for
“cinnabar”,Hsin T’ang shu and Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei with the homophone for “odd”.