continental south asia and the islands 15southeast of Chen chou, i.e. of modern Hai-nan.^36
P’iao: It was situated near Nan-chao, apparently in eastern Burma.
In 802, P’iao attached envoys to a mission sent by Nan-chao to the
T’ang court. Nan-chao was situated in western Yün-nan.
P’u-tuan or P’u-kan: Hirth and Rockhill^37 speculate that P’u-tuan
and P’u-kan might be the same country. That is, in fact, the case.
Chao Ju-kua records that P’u-kan sent a mission to Sung in 1004.
Sung shih 7:3, 7b; 490:19b lists the same mission as coming from P’u-
tuan. The two names were therefore interchangable. According to the
Ling-wai tai-ta,^38 P’u-kan was 5 days’ journey distant from Ta-li, i.e.
Nan-chao.^39 That distance is clearly the same as the one later covered
by the Burma Road. There is general agreement that P’u-tuan/P’u-
kan was Pagan in central Burma.
Shih-tzu: According to Liang shu 54:24a, Shih-tzu was situated next
to India. According to Hsin T’ang-shu 222C:9a, it was situated in the
southern ocean. According to T’ang hui-yao 100:12a, it was situated
in the southwestwern ocean. Hirth and Rockhill^40 identify Shih-tzu
as Ceylon and state that Fa-hsien was the first to use this name.
According to Legge,^41 the founding of the kingdom was ascribed to
an Indian merchant adventurer, whose father’s name was Singha
“the Lion”. From this, the name of the state was derived: Singhala,
the Singha Kingdom or Kingdom of the Lion. Schafer^42 notes that
Ceylon was called the “Lion Country”. T’ang hui-yao 100:16a records
that in ancient times the Buddha went to this country. This refers, of
course, to the legend that he visited Ceylon. But misled by the name,
the same text 100:12a claims that Shih-tzu got its name because the
people there were able to tame and rear lions. There are not and
have never been any lions on Ceylon. It is nevertheless certain that
Shih-tzu stands for Ceylon.
T’ien-chu: This is India.
Chu-lien: According to Sung shih 489:20a and Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao
332:19a, it was situated 411,400 li distant from Canton. Hirth and
(^36) Needham, Science and Civilsation, vol.4:1, p.115 note e, follows Gerini in iden-
tifying Tan-tan with Kelantan in Malaya.
(^37) Chao Ju-kua, p.59 note 1.
(^38) By Chou Ch’ü-fei, written in 1178. See Hirth and Rockhill p. 22 note 2.
(^39) See Hirth and Rockhill, Chao Ju-kua, p.59 note 1.
(^40) Chao Ju-kua, p.12 note 4, and p. 281.
(^41) Record of Buddhist Kingdoms, pp.100-101 note 5.
(^42) Golden Peaches, p.12.