20 continental south asia and the islands
in a banquet given for the envoys from Champa and the Arabs and
was presented copper cash.^58 In the 2nd month (Mar./Apr.) of 1005,
Sung sent envoys to Chiao-chih (Sung shih 6:12a; 7:7b; 488:9a; Sung
hui-yao kao 10122:7a,7b; Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 330:5a).
In 1006, the Sung learned that Li Huan had died. A Chinese attack
on Chiao-chih was proposed, this being an opportune moment, but
was rejected by Chen-tsung. This meant no more than that he had
been, on the whole, a good neighbour. He was succeeded by his middle
son Lung-yüeh, who was promptly killed by his brothers Lung-ch’üan
and Lung-t’ing. The latter was enthroned. He proposed sending gifts
to the Sung court, i.e. sought recognition. This was accepted by the
court, and Sung envoys were sent to Chiao-chih in the 3rd month
(Mar.Apr.) of 1007. Lung-t’ing thereupon dispatched a mission, led
by his younger brother Ming-ch’ang, which was received at the Sung
court on Aug.26. It presented a letter, in which Li Lung-t’ing requested
copies of the Nine Confucian Classics^59 and the Buddhist Tripitaka. These
were provided. On Sep.1,^60 the Sung granted Li Huan the posthu-
mous titles of Prefect of the Palace Writers and king of Nan-yüeh. It
appointed Lung-t’ing as Acting Grand Commandant, Military Com-
missioner of the non-existant Army Which Quiets the Sea, Protector
General of Annam, Grandee Secretary, and Supreme Pillar of State,
recognized him as king of Chiao-chih commandery, gave him the name
of Chih-chung (Most Loyal),^61 and presented him with a state seal,
banners, and an emblem of authority as king of Annam. On Sep.2,
Li Ming-ch’ang was appointed Imperial Household Grandee of the
Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon and Concurrent Grandee Secretary,
and Supreme Pillar of State, and entitled Dynasty-founding Baron.
The other envoys were also given nominal Chinese offices (Sung shih 7:
11a-11b, 14b; 488:9a, 10a; Sung hui-yao kao 10122:9a-9b; Hsü Tzu-chih
t’ung-chien ch’ang-pien p.518-519;Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 330:5b).
On Jan.23, 1009, Li Lung-t’ing offered gifts. He was appointed
Jointly Manager of Affairs with the Secretariat-Chancellery (Sung shih
7:20b;Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 330:5b).
(^58) In the 3rd month (April) of 1006, he passed through Kuang chou on his way
home (Sung hui-yao kao 10122:7b). He had been in China for some 21 months.
(^59) I.e. the Book of Changes, the Book of Documents, the Book of Odes, the Spring and
Autumn Annals, the Tso-chuan, the Book of Rites, the Rites of Chou, the Classic of Filial
Piety, and the Annalects.
(^60) Sung shih 7:14b dates this Oct.19.
(^61) Sung shih and Sung hui-yao kao henceforth refer to him by that name.