the turkic tribes 407In 649, Basmil envoys were received at the T’ang court (Wen-hsien
t’ung-k’ao 347:27b).
In 715, the Basmil together with the Qarluqs presented horses
(T’ang hui-yao 100:10a).
After the defeat of the Eastern Turks by the Basmils and others
in 742, Emperor Hsüan-tsung recognized the chief of the Basmil as
Hsieh-tieh-yi-shih Qaghan (Tzu-chih t’ung-chien p.6854; Wen-hsien t’ung-
k’ao343:11a).
The Qarluqs
The Qarluqs (Ko-lo-lu) had their grazing grounds north of Zungharia
before they migrated west. In 742, they belonged to the alliance which
defeated the Eastern Turks. In 751, they contributed to the Chinese
defeat by the Arabs at the Talas River.
In 657, Emperor Kao-tsung of T’ang created three nominal Area
Commands and made Qarluq chiefs their Military Governors (T’ang-
hui-yao 100:10a).
In 715, the Qarluqs together with the Basmil presented horses. In
the winter of the same year, the Qarluqs were again received at the
T’ang court (T’ang hui-yao 100:10a).
In the 11th month (Dec./Jan., 753) of the Chinese year 752, Qar-
luq envoys were received at the T’ang court (Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 348:
32b).
In the 4th month (May/June) of 753, a Qarluq mission arrived at
the T’ang court, consisting of 130 men (Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei p.5030).
In the 12th month (Dec./Jan., 754) of the Chinese year 753, Qarluqs
offered regional objects (Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei p.5031). Thereafter, because of
the enmity of the Uighurs to the Qarluqs, missions no longer reached
China (T’ang hui-yao 100:10a).
The Turgesh
The Turgesh (T’u-ch’i-shih) lived in the area between lake Balkash
and Issyk-Kul.
On Sep.10, 699, a son of the Turgesh chief Wu-chih-le had an audi-
ence with the Empress Wu of T’ang. She sent an Attending Secretary
in response (Tzu-chih t’ung-chien p.6540).
When Wu-chih-le died, he was succeeded by his son Sha-ko. On