continental south asia and the islands 39(Apr./May) of 750, Lin-yi^94 presented elephant tusks, genuine pearls,
and fancy white cotton fabrics (Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei p.5030).
In the latter half of the 750’s, the name of Lin-yi was changed to
Huan-wang. In the 10th month (Nov./Dec.) of 793, the Huan-wang
State presented a rhinoceros. Emperor Te-tsung ordered that it be kept
at the Imperial Ancestral Temple. In the 12th month (January, 797)
of the Chinese year 796, Huan-wang presented another rhinoceros
which was highly prized at the T’ang court (Chiu T’ang shu 13:13b;
Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei p.5032).
In the 8th month (Sep./Oct.) of 809, the warlord Chang Chou,
who called himself Protector General of Annam, informed the T’ang
court that he had crushed Huan-wang and had captured 59 royal
sons, military equipment, warships, and war elephants (Hsin T’ang shu
222C:1b;T’ang hui-yao 98:13a)
Therafter, all relations between Huan-wang and China lapsed (Hsin
T’ang shu 222C:1b; Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 332:17a).
The kings of Lin-yi of the Fan dynasty appear in the Chinese sources
with sinicized names, as does also Chu-ko Ti. Their ministers do not.
After the middle of the 7th century, the names of the kings are trans-
literated as well, sometimes in abbreviated form. Thus, the Chinese
Lu-t’o stands for the Vietnamese Rudravarman II.
The Chinese sources do not record that the Sui and T’ang officially
recognized the kings of Lin-yi or conferred any titles on them in their
life times or posthumously. Their envoys are not mentioned to have
received Chinese nominal titles. Nor do the texts mention congratula-
tions, condolences or testamentary gifts from either side. Apart from
the war of 604, relations were correct but apparently not warm.
According to Sui shu 82:2b, missions from Lin-yi to Sui arrived after
604 without interruption, yet none is recorded until 623. According to
Chiu T’ang shu 197:1b, missions arrived after 631 without interruption.
But missions are only recorded for 639, 640, 642, 653 etc. It follows
that the Chinese sources concentrate on the most important missions.
They arrived at all times of the year but the preferred seasons were
summer and winter.
The following table shows the 40 recorded missions by 20-year
periods from Lin-yi/Huan-wang to the Sui and T’ang:
(^94) Correcting Pei-yi to Lin-yi.