continental south asia and the islands 45Tzu-chih t’ung-chien ch’ang-pien p.679; Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 332:17b).
In the 1st month (Feb./Mar.) of 1014, Champa envoys offered
presents. On Aug.8, the Sung responded with a communication.
In the 5th month (May/June) of 1015,^106 envoys from the king of
Champa brought a letter and offered elephant tusks, tortoise shells,
frankincense, cardamoms, betel nuts etc. In the intercalary month
(July/Aug.) of that year, the king was given garments ornamented
with pearls, banners, bows and arrows, armoured horses, and copper
cash (Sung shih 8:12b; 489:8a; Sung hui-yao kao 8116:9a-9b; 10122:11b;
Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 332:17b).
On Oct.17, 1018, Champa envoys offered 72 elephant tusks, 86
rhinoceros horns, 1000 catties of tortoise shells, 50 catties of frankin-
cense, 80 catties of cloves, 65 catties of cardamoms, 368 catties of
different kinds of gharu wood, 100 catties of fennel, and 1,500 catties
of betel nuts. They returned to Champa in 1019 with 4,700 ounces of
silver, military implements, and horse trappings (Sung shih 8:19a; 489:
8a;Sung hui-yao kao 8116:9b; Hsü Tzu-chih t’ung-chien ch’ang-pien p.818;
Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 332:17b).
In 1020, Champa envoys brought presents, in which context refe-
rence is made to a previously offered red cockatoo (Sung shih 489:
8a).
In the 5th month (June/July) of 1029, envoys from the king of
Champa offered a letter, a live “phoenix”, 30 rhinoceros horns, 70
elephant tusks, 245 catties of tortoise shells, 2000 catties of frankincense,
and 789 catties of putchuck^107 (Sung hui-yao kao 8116:9b-10a).
In the 10th month (Oct./Nov.) of 1030, Champa envoys presented
ritual objects, 700 catties of putchuck, more than 40 rhinoceros horns,
80 elephant tusks, more than 400 catties of tortoise shells, and 2000
catties of frankincense. They were received in audience (Sumg shih 9:
13a; 489:8b; Sung hui-yao kao 8116:10a; Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 332:17b).
In 1041, the Sung court presented the king of Champa with
[porcelain] vessels and silk. In the 11th month (Dec./Jan.1043) of
the Chinese year 1042, his envoys offered three tame elephants. On
Feb.12, 1050, they offered regional objects, including 201 elephant
tusks and 79 rhinoceros horns. On Apr.24, 1053, they offered regional
objects. Their king received a silver belt, ten ounces of silver vessels,
(^106) Hsü Tzu-chih t’ung-chien ch’ang-pien p.739 dates this mission Feb.24.
(^107) A root from which was derived a drug used as an ingredient in perfumes. See
Hirth and Rockhill, Chau Ju-kua, p.121.