48 continental south asia and the islands
as king of Champa (Sung hui-yao kao 8116:21b).
On Nov.14, 1167, envoys from the son of the king of Champa offered
gifts. On Aug.2, 1174 a Southern Sung communication responded
to envoys who had brought a letter from the king of Champa. On
Nov.20, 1174, Champa envoys once more offered presents (Sung shih
34:3a-3b, 20a; 489:10b; Sung hui-yao kao 8116:22a-22b; Wen-hsien t’ung-
k’ao 332:17b).
In 1175, the Southern Sung disallowed the export of Chinese horses
to Champa (Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 332:18a). This was, no doubt, because
the Southern Sung had lost the northern pasture lands for raising
horses, had no longer access to horse trade with Central Asian tribes,
and had to reserve its diminished livestock for the army.
Before the end of the century, Champa was overrun and annexed
by Jayavarman VIII of the Khmer Kingdom.
All kings of Champa appear in the Chinese sources with transliter-
ated names, as also all further kings mentioned in this chapter. It is
recorded that kings of Champa congratulated Sung emperors on their
enthronements but not the reverse. There is no mention of Chinese
condolences or the conferring of posthumous titles. At least toward
the end of the period, the Champa kings were officially recognized,
and they and some of their envoys were appointed to nominal Chi-
nese offices.
Missions from Champa are recorded to have arived in Sung during
all months except the 8th. The spring and autumn were the favoured
seasons, followed by the summer. This means that the envoys sailed
to China with the summer monsoon and perhaps did not return until
the winter monsoon.
The following table shows the recorded 57 missions by 20-year
periods from Champa to the Later Chou and Sung:
947- 966: 1
967- 986: 15
986-1006: 8
1007-1026: 9
1027-1046: 3
1047-1066: 5
1067-1086: 5
1087-1106: 3
1107-1126: 2
1127-1146: 1