that the American navy mothball many of its
older, expensive oceangoing vessels for
greater numbers of smaller, cheaper war-
ships. For successfully invigorating the Red
Navy, Gorshkov received no less that five Or-
ders of Lenin and the title Hero of the Soviet
Union. He oversaw his naval expansion pro-
grams without serious interruption until No-
vember 1985, when Premier Mikhail Gor-
bachev, a determined political reformer,
replaced him with Adm. Vladimir N. Cher-
navin. Gorshkov then lived in quiet retirement
until his death in Moscow on May 13, 1988.
The invigorated Red Navy never fired a shot
in anger at its American equivalent and thus
remained untested by war. In fact, since the
collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia’s
entire military infrastructure has undergone
drastic restructuring and reductions.
Many of Gorskhov’s finest warships remain
portside, rusting away for lack of funds to op-
erate them. However, his tenure at the helm
of Soviet naval strategy marked the first time
that Russia strove to be a military colossus at
sea as well as on land.
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Seas Confrontation Between the United States and
the Soviet Union.Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute
Press, 2000.GRANT, JAMES
Grant, James
(1720–April 13, 1806)
English General
T
he corpulent Grant was a cheerful, ca-
pable administrator but a mediocre bat-
tle commander. He remained contemp-
tuous of American forces during the
Revolution, although they outwitted him on
several occasions.
James Grant was born in 1720 at Ballindal-
loch, Banffshire, and studied law until 1741,
when he joined the British army. Grant trans-
ferred as a captain in the First Regiment of
Foot, the famous Royal Scots, and fought
with them at Fontenoy in 1745 and Culloden
Moor in 1746. After serving in the Flanders
campaign of 1747–1748, he completed several
years of garrison duty. By 1757, he had joined
the newly raised 77th Highlanders as a major