Bibliography
Bridges, Hal. Lee’s Maverick General, Daniel Harvey
Hill.Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991;
Gallagher, Gary W., ed.The Antietam Campaign.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999;
Hill, Daniel. Bethel to Sharpsburg.2 vols. Raleigh,
NC: Edwards and Broughton, 1926; Isenbarger, Den-
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President Jefferson Davis and Major General Daniel
Harvey Hill, C.S.A.” Unpublished master’s thesis,
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“Who Lost the Order? Stonewall Jackson, His
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Could Not Be Understood.”Civil War Times Illus-
trated28, no. 2 (1989): 14–21.HINDENBURG, PAULLUDWIGVON
Hindenburg, Paul Ludwig von
(October 2, 1847–August 2, 1934)
German Staff Officer
T
he imperturbably
calm and close-
cropped Hinden-
burg was the epitome of
Prussian military profes-
sionalism, an exacting
combination of duty, hard
work, and overall sagac-
ity. In concert with Erich
von Ludendorff, he di-
rected Germany’s war ef-
fort during the second
half of World War I. His
policies virtually guaran-
teed U.S. intervention on
behalf of the allies, but he
gambled on winning a de-
cisive victory before
American troops arrived.
Paul Ludwig Hans
Anton von Beckendorff
von Hindenburg was
born in Posen, Prussia,
on October 2, 1847, part of an ancient Junkers
family whose roots date back to the Middle
Ages. Given the circumstances of his birth
and caste, the young man was preordained for
military service to the
Prussian state. He joined
the army as a cadet in
1858, served with distinc-
tion as a company officer
in the Austro-Prussian
War (1866), and received
the prestigious Iron
Cross for bravery during
the Franco-Prussian War
(1870). Afterward, Hin-
denburg embarked on the
career of a typical Ger-
man staff officer. Having
attended the General
Staff College (Kriegsakad-
emie) in 1872–1875, he
fulfilled a number of staff
and line assignments, ris-
ing to major general in
1897 and lieutenant gen-
eral in 1900. At no time
was Hindenburg consid-
ered a particularly brilliant or imaginative of-
ficer, but he was capable, even-tempered, and
totally dedicated to his work. Neither was he
particularly diplomatic in his relations withPaul Ludwig von Hindenburg
Bettmann/Corbis