great outrage in America, and Greene threat-
ened to hang any British officer he captured
in retaliation. And far from producing an in-
timidating effect, Rawdon’s rashness encour-
aged greater resistance to British authority.
He departed South Carolina for England in
July 1781, only to be captured by a French pri-
vateer. Rawdon remained a prisoner at Brest
until his release in 1782. Command of the
south, meanwhile, passed over to Lt. Col.
Alexander Stewart.
Rawdon subsequently enjoyed a long and
distinguished career, both at home and
abroad. In 1783, he became Baron Hastings; in
1789 he adopted the name Rawdon-Hastings
owing to an inheritance of estates through his
mother. In 1793, he also assumed the title Earl
of Moira following the death of his father.
Rawdon subsequently served as an aide-de-
camp to King George III and in this capacity
became cordial with the king’s son, the Prince
of Wales (the future George IV). He fought on
the continent under the Duke of York in the
1790s and on one occasion cleverly evaded
larger French forces while marching through
Holland. He eventually rose to full general. In
1813, Rawdon was appointed governor-gen-
eral of India and ruled with distinction. For 13
years he improved the civil service, fought off
numerous bandit tribes, and defeated the
Gurkhas, all while in his sixties. His success in
India culminated in the title Marquis of Hast-
ings. In 1824, he was transferred as governor-
general of Malta, where he died on November
28, 1826. This gallant soldier’s remains were
buried within the ramparts of that ancient bas-
tion. In his youth, he was one of Britain’s
ablest battle captains in the war for America.Bibliography
Bass, Robert D. Ninety-Six–The Struggle for the South
Carolina Back Country.Lexington, SC: Sandlapper
Store, 1978; Bowen, David K. The Execution of Isaac
Hayne.Lexington, SC: Sand Lapper Store, 1972; His-
torical Manuscripts Commission. Report on the
Manuscripts of the Late Reginald Rawdon Hast-
ings. 4 vols. London: H. M. Stationary Office,
1928–47; Houlding, J. A. Fit for Service: The Train-
ing of the British Army, 1715–1795.New York: Ox-
ford University Press, 1999; May, Robin. The British
Army in North America, 1775–1783.New York:
Hippocrene Books, 1997; Morrill, Dan L. Southern
Campaigns of the American Revolution.Baltimore:
Nautical and Aviation, 1993; Nadlehaft, Jerome J.
The Disorders of War: The Revolution in South Car-
olina.Orono: University of Maine at Orono Press,
1981; Pancake, John S. This Destructive War: The
British Campaign in the Carolinas, 1780–1782.
University, Ala: University of Alabama Press, 1985;
Ross, John. Fall of the Maratha Power and the Mar-
quess of Hastings.Dehli, India: Sunita Publications,
1985; Snoddy, Oliver. “The Volunteers of Ireland.”
Irish Sword7 (1965): 147–159; Troxler, Carole W.
“Origins of the Rawdon Loyalist Settlement.”Nova
Scotia Historical Review8 (1988): 62–76.REDCLOUD
Red Cloud
(ca. 1822–December 10, 1909)
Sioux War Chief
F
earless Red Cloud was one of the great-
est military leaders in Native American
history. Despite limited men and re-
sources, he completely closed down the
much-traveled Bozeman Trail and con-
founded army units sent in pursuit. He was
one of the few Indian leaders to win a war
with the United States and dictate the terms
of peace.
Red Cloud (Mahpiua Luta) was born near
Blue Creek in present-day north-central Ne-
braska. Ambitious as a youth, Red Cloud, a