CAVENDISH, ANTHONY• 87In February 1942 Carre ́reached England by boat from Brittany.
She was immediately placed under surveillance and later arrested and
interned at Aylesbury Prison. Her trial, for collaboration, took place
in Paris in January 1949. Her death sentence was commuted to life
imprisonment, but she was released in 1954, having spent a total of
12 years in prison. In 1959 Carre ́wrote her version of events,IWas
the Cat.CATTLEY, CHARLES.Born in St. Petersburg to English parents,
Charles Cattley was educated in England and, fluent in French, Rus-
sian, and Italian, was appointed vice consul at Kerch. In 1854 he was
expelled by the Russians, but his knowledge of the Crimea was rec-
ognized by Lord Raglan, who was to appoint him his head of intelli-
gence. Adopting the alias ‘‘Mr. Calvert,’’ Cattley recruited agents in
Kerch and supplied a hopelessly ill-informed British Army with the
first reliable intelligence about the opposing Russian forces during
theCrimean War. In June 1855 he was placed in command of the
Corps of Guides, but three weeks later succumbed to cholera.
CAVELL, EDITH.In August 1941, when neutral Belgium was occu-
pied by the Germans, Edith Cavell was working as a nurse in the Ber-
kendale Medical Institute in Brussels as a Red Cross nurse. She was
also a member of an escape organization enabling Allied stragglers,
cut off during the enemy’s advance, to reach their own lines, and in
August 1915 Cavell was arrested and charged with espionage. She
was convicted at a court-martial in October and shot by a firing
squad, despite many well-publicized pleas for clemency. Her execu-
tion was a propaganda disaster for the Germans and overnight Nurse
Cavell, who had confessed to helping evading soldiers, became an
international heroine and a symbol of savage German oppression.
The British naturally exploited the enemy’s inhumanity, but
thereby appeared to exclude women from any active role in espio-
nage during war, a legacy that discouraged the authorities from
openly acknowledging the true scale of the losses sustained bySpe-
cial Operations Executivein World War II.
CAVENDISH, ANTHONY.Educated in Switzerland, Anthony Caven-
dish was commissioned into theIntelligence Corpsat the end of the