154 • DIRECTOR OF MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
Wireless Service, or Y Service, which was composed of civilian op-
erators, WRENS, and naval ratings based at the following stations:
Cupar in Fife; Bowermadden, near Wick; Oban; Irton Moor (outside
Scarborough); Pembroke in south Wales; Cooling Marshes in the
Thames estuary; Ford End, Essex; Goodhavern, Cornwall; Flower-
down, near Winchester; Portrush, Northern Ireland; and Lerwick in
the Shetlands. Overseas the principal sites were located at Daniel’s
Head, Bermuda; Jamaica; Georgetown, British Guiana; Iceland;
Freetown, Sierra Leone; Dingli, Malta; Powder Island, Trincomalee,
Ceylon; and Alexandria, Egypt.
High-frequency direction finding (HFDF, also known as ‘‘huff-
duff’’) requires very large, circular antenna arrays, often referred to
as ‘‘elephant cages,’’ which are distinctive and therefore hard to con-
ceal. In 1943Beaumanor Hallbecame part of an HFDF network,
linked to similar intercept stations at Thurso, Montrose, Croft Spa,
Perton, Sutton Valence, and Chacewater to triangulate enemy sta-
tions.
Some D/F operators were assigned frequencies used by fixed tar-
gets, such as the Kriegsmarine transmitters at Wilhelmshaven and St.
Nazaire, while others scanned the airwaves and reported intercepted
signals to the D/F Control Room at Irton Moor, where the bearing
coordinates were plotted on a gnomic chart. In 1964 the Shore Wire-
less Service was absorbed intoGCHQ.DIRECTOR OF MILITARY INTELLIGENCE (DMI).The post of
DMI was created in 1888 for GeneralHenry Brackenbury, but was
eliminated in 1904 after the Boer War. Under Lord Kitchener’s re-
forms of 1916, it was reestablished, with Colonel (Sir) George Mac-
donogh appointed as DMI andGeorge Cockerillas his deputy DMI.
Simultaneously, the British Expeditionary Force in France also re-
ceived a director of intelligence, (Sir) John Charteris being promoted
to the post at GHQ in Montreuil.
DIRECTOR OF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE (DNI).TheNaval Intel-
ligence Divisionis the oldest British Intelligence organization, and
until reorganization in 1964, was headed by the director of naval in-
telligence, a post created in 1882, accommodated in Room 39 of the
Admiralty, and filled until 1887 by AdmiralSir Reginald Hall’s