JEDBURGH• 271structed by the Americans and delivered toBletchley Parkin Janu-
ary 1941. Thereafter, until he was detained at his hotel in Bad
Gastein in 1945, virtually all his radio traffic was read byGCHQ.JEBB, GLADWYN.A career diplomat who had been educated at Eton
and won a first in history at Magdalen College, Oxford, Gladwyn
Jebb wasSpecial Operations Executive’s first chief executive offi-
cer, appointed in August 1940 to assistHugh Dalton. Jebb had spent
the previous three years as private secretary to the permanent under-
secretary, Sir Alexander Cadogan. In 1942 Jebb returned to the For-
eign Office, where he remained until his retirement in 1960,
following six years as ambassador in Paris, and his ennoblement as
Lord Gladwyn.
JEDBURGH.Code name for Allied paramilitary teams of three
dropped into France and Norway during World War II to support
local resistance organizations. Created in July 1942 byColin Gub-
bins,jedburghs were underSpecial Operations Executive(SOE)
command but controlled by Special Forces Headquarters. Thejed-
burghconcept was a very considerable shift in tactics for SOE and
meant the adoption of a much more overt, paramilitary role than it
had previously been accustomed to in France.
A trial, codenamedspartan, was conducted on Salisbury Plain in
March 1943 with 11 teams and proved a success. The experience
gained fromspartanformed the basis of a secret document circu-
lated by the head of SOE’s Planning Section, Colonel M. W. Row-
landson, in April 1943. This in turn resulted in the basicjedburgh
directive, which was issued in December 1943 and formalized the
arrangements that were to be implemented soon afterward with the
intention of producing 300jedburghteams by 1 April 1944, an opti-
mistic ambition never to be achieved.
AnOffice of Strategic Services(OSS) officer, Henry B. Coxe,
and a recently escaped PoW, Major Combe-Tennant, were placed in
charge of thejedburghs, and a training program was devised by the
head of SOE’s Training Section, Colonel James Young, and his OSS
counterpart, Major John Tyson. Together they prepared a three-part
course for all the volunteers that survived an extended interview with
three psychiatrists: Preliminary training in Scotland, followed by