agreement with the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) just prior
to accidentally becoming secretary to Bazna’s case officer Moyzisch.
For nearly three months before her defection, she conveyed details
about Bazna to the OSS, yet the strained relationship with the British
Special Intelligence Service caused the Americans to withhold vital
information about the breach in the British embassy.
After the war, Moyzisch was interrogated by the Allies but never
charged with a crime. Bazna’s role remained generally unknown
until Moyzisch published his memoirs in 1950, Der Fall Cicero
(Operation Cicero), which prompted Bazna’s own account (with
Hans Nogly), I Was Cicero (1962). Both books were self-serving and
contained numerous factual errors. Bazna’s attempt to seek compen-
sation from the West German government proved futile, and he died
penniless as a night watchman in Munich on 23 December 1970.CLARK, JAMES MICHAEL. See STAND, KURT ALAN, and
SQUILLACOTE, THERESA MARIA.
CLAUSEN, MAX (1899–1979). The radio operator of the Richard
Sorge spy ring based in Tokyo, Max Clausen was born Max Chris-
tiansen in Husum (Schleswig-Holstein) on 27 February 1899, the son
of a shopkeeper. After serving in World War I, he found employ-
ment in the merchant navy and joined the Kommunistische Partei
Deutschlands in 1927. Recruited shortly afterward by Department IV
(intelligence) of the Soviet Red Army, he received training as a radio
operator in Moscow and was sent to China on several assignments.
Dissatisfaction with his work, however, led to his recall to the Soviet
Union in August 1933.
On the suggestion of Richard Sorge, whom Clausen had met
earlier in China, he eagerly joined the spy ring being assembled
in Tokyo. Clausen’s first radio communication with Moscow took
place in February 1936 from the home of Günther Stein, a natural-
ized British subject working in Japan as a journalist with ties to
Soviet intelligence. Clausen (code name fritz) posed as the owner
of a prosperous firm—M. Clausen Shokai—which made blueprint
presses (the profits partially covered the costs incurred by Sorge’s
operation). Yet by 1940, a number of factors—Sorge’s condescend-
ing attitude toward him, a serious heart attack, fear of detection, and
70 • CLARK, JAMES MICHAEL