prisoner of war in 1945, he underwent intense interrogation by Brit-
ish intelligence because of his long-standing ties to the IRA. His
return to Ireland was facilitated by his Irish wife and the country’s
foreign minister three years later. As an Irish citizen and business-
man, Clissmann became one of the founders of the Irish section of
Amnesty International. He died in Dublin on 6 November 1997.C-MASSNAHME. A tactic used by the Ministerium für Staatssicher-
heit, a C-Massnahme (C-measure) involved the systematic confis-
cation of personal letters and packages. Established in 1950 under
Division M, it was designed “to track all enemy activity and halt its
dangerous repercussions.” Division M not only maintained separate
facilities in the larger post offices of the German Democratic Repub-
lic but relied on increasingly refined technological methods to moni-
tor about 98 percent of all domestic and international postal traffic.
In addition, the state gained an important source of revenue, as more
than 32 million DM was collected in the period 1984–1989.
COLONELS’ AFFAIR. See EGLI, KARL-HEINRICH; WATTEN-
WYL, FRIEDRICH MORITZ VON.
CONDOR. See EPPLER, JOHN.
CONRAD, CLYDE LEE (1947–1998). A U.S. Army sergeant con-
victed by the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) of having com-
mitted treason for the Eastern bloc, Clyde Lee Conrad was born on
28 August 1947 in Bergholz, Ohio. Recruited by Zoltan Szabo for
Hungarian military intelligence in 1975 and assigned to the 8th Infan-
try Division in Bad Kreuznach three years later, he used his position
as a classified documents custodian to convey top-secret information
through a courier system involving two brothers, Imre and Sandor
Kercsik. Conrad also enlisted his assistant Roderick J. Ramsay.
Among the data delivered to both the Hungarian and Czechoslova-
kian services were details about the troop mobilization plans of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the location of barbed wire and
antitank traps, and the positioning of nuclear-capable artillery.
Although Conrad retired from the military in 1985, he remained
in the area with his German wife and family and continued his es-
72 • C-MASSNAHME