misrepresentation by a recruiter to gain a more favorable reception by
a potential agent. The procedure, also known as fremde Flagge, was
successfully used with Gerhard Baumann and Margarete Lubig.FAUST. A large-scale infiltration of Allied agents into Nazi Germany
following the Normandy landing, Operation faust had its origins
in October 1943 and was directed by William J. Casey of the U.S.
Office of Strategic Services (OSS). More than 100 missions were
dispatched between September 1944 and April 1945 via England,
Scandinavia, the Netherlands, France, and Switzerland. The recruited
agents included religious dissidents, Spanish Civil War veterans, po-
litical refugees, and underground labor groups throughout occupied
Europe. Losses were less than anticipated, partly owing to the weak
German border controls and also to the carefully rehearsed cover sto-
ries provided to the agents beforehand in the prisoner of war camps.
The first and one of the most successful of the these missions in-
volved Joseph Kappius and his wife Änne, who served as a courier
disguised as a Red Cross nurse.
FECHNER, KURT. The first head of the Austrian Heeresnach-
richtenamt (HNaA), the Army Intelligence Office, Kurt Fechner (code
name dr. friedrich) previously served in the Abwehr during World
War II as the chief of Leitstelle Süd-Ost in Vienna. By relinquishing
the archives of his office to American military authorities after the war,
he established a cordial relationship with the main occupying power
in Austria. With the withdrawal of the United States in 1955 and the
creation the following year of the Gruppe Heeresnachrichten, the pre-
cursor of the HNaA, Fechner was selected its first head. Because of his
earlier association with the Abwehr, criticism persisted among some
officers that the HNaA took its signals more from the West German
Bundesnachrichtendienst than from Austrian operatives. He was suc-
ceeded by Alexander Buschek in 1962.
FELFE, HEINZ (1918– ). A former Sicherheitsdienst (SD; Se-
curity Service) official who became a major Soviet agent in the
Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), Heinz Felfe was born in Dresden
on 18 March 1918. After joining the SS (Schutzstaffel, or Protection
Squad) in 1939, he became an official in the SD, rising to the rank of
102 • FAUST