with both the MfS and Soviet intelligence. According to surviving
documents, at least 60 meetings with his control officer took place,
and more than 140 pieces of information were delivered, many of
them containing incriminating details about his associates.
Yet his increasing disillusionment with the regime, culminating in
a series of critical lectures during 1963–1964 and an interview with a
West German newspaper, resulted in Havemann’s discharge from the
university as well as the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands.
Besides making him an object of intense scrutiny, the MfS attempted
to isolate him by pressuring former colleagues and sympathizers. On
26 November 1976, 10 days following the expatriation of his friend
Wolf Biermann, Havemann was placed under house arrest (nonstop
surveillance of his property in Grünheide outside Berlin involved
more than 300 MfS personnel). Although his official house arrest
ended three years later, GDR officials used the charge of currency
and customs manipulation to try to prevent his writings advocating
a democratic Marxism from reaching the West. In early 1982, Have-
mann, together with the East Berlin pastor Rainer Eppelmann, issued
the Berlin Appeal, which called for a complete demilitarization of
both Germanys as a prerequisite to peace. He died shortly afterward
on 9 April 1982 in Grünheide.HEERESNACHRICHTENAMT (HNaA). The intelligence branch
of the Austrian army, the Heeresnachrichtenamt (Army Intelligence
Office) was founded in early 1956 as the Gruppe Heeresnachrich-
tenwesen under Kurt Fechner (the official name change occurred
in 1972). It obtained most of its equipment from the U.S. military
following its departure from Austria in 1955 along with the other oc-
cupying powers. Situated across the border from Bratislava, Czecho-
slovakia, the extensive signals intelligence unit at the Königswarte
in Lower Austria became the HNaA’s most significant installation.
Additional listening posts existed in other provinces.
Its first major challenge was the Hungarian Revolution of 1956,
which resulted in the arrival of nearly 200,000 political refugees in
eastern Austria. In 1968, under the leadership of Alexander Buschek,
the HNaA obtained early information about the military plans of the
Warsaw Pact regarding Czechoslovakia. Austrian Defense Minister
Georg Prader openly boasted at the time, “We are 10 times better
informed than the Americans with all their capabilities.” In 1991, its
HEERESNACHRICHTENAMT • 169