the White Russian émigré general Anton Turkul. The two transmit-
ters—one presumably inside the Kremlin, the other behind the Ural
Mountains—were code-named max and moritz. When the latter
stopped its transmissions, the entire operation became known as
max. Kauder relayed an expanding number of reports via the Vienna
office to the Abwehr headquarters in Berlin, where they were consid-
ered of utmost importance.
Despite his protection by Abwehr head Wilhelm Canaris, anti-
Jewish measures regarding secret agents compelled him to relocate
his operation to Budapest in August 1943 under the auspices of
Hungarian intelligence (code name karmany). In addition, he was
supplying some information to the Sicherheitsdienst (Security
Service) through Wilhelm Höttl, one of its main Balkan experts.
Kauder’s most determined enemy was the head of the Abwehr sta-
tion in Sofia, Otto Wagner, who long suspected that a secret tie to
Soviet intelligence existed. Following his arrest in February 1945
on the grounds of being a double agent, Kauder was interrogated in
Vienna. Evidence now suggests that Soviet intelligence, realizing the
high priority that Berlin gave his reports, had used Kauder’s channel
to supply controlled information, and that only later did he realize
his manipulation as a mere conduit. In late May, he was captured by
U.S. forces.KAUDERS, FRITZ. See DEM’IANOV, ALEKSANDR.
KAULBARS, VLADIMIR. An Abwehr confidant of Wilhelm Cana-
ris, Vladimir Kaulbars was a White Russian aristocrat who settled in
Berlin following the Bolshevik Revolution. He soon became closely
acquainted with Canaris, who enlisted him as an agent during World
War II for secret missions to Sweden and Russia.
KEGEL, GERHARD (1907–1989). A journalist, diplomat, and Soviet
agent, Gerhard Kegel was born in Preussisch Herby (now Herby,
Poland) on 16 November 1907, the son of a railway worker. Dur-
ing his legal studies at the University of Breslau, he helped found
a socialist student group and, in 1931, joined the Kommunistische
Partei Deutschlands. His recruitment in Warsaw by fellow journal-
ist Rudolf Herrnstadt for the GRU (Soviet military intelligence)
KEGEL, GERHARD • 225