as becoming chief of the General Staff of the Nationale Volksarmee
(National People’s Army) in 1956. Although he maintained ties to
Soviet military intelligence and the Ministerium für Staatssicher-
heit (MfS), his name emerged as a potential defector for the U.S.
Counterintelligence Corps and the Organisation Gehlen (OG),
which conducted their own separate operations. The OG operation,
code-named schwaben and stretching from 1950–1954, used Mül-
ler’s old regimental colleague Hermann Teske. But these attempts
failed. Nevertheless, Müller came under increasing suspicion by the
MfS and retired in 1958. Described as a suicide owing to mental
instability, his death on 12 May 1961 resulted from a fall from the
balcony of his East Berlin residence. His memoirs, Ich fand das
wahre Vaterland (I Found the True Fatherland), appeared posthu-
mously in 1963, although questions have been raised regarding their
authenticity.MÜNSTER, HUGO ZU. The Prussian military plenipotentiary (or
Flügeladjutant) in Russia during the Crimean War (1853–1856),
Hugo zu Münster enjoyed a privileged position in St. Petersburg
with daily access to the tsar. Moreover, unlike military attachés
stationed elsewhere, he could bypass ministerial officials and
communicate directly with the Prussian monarch. But Münster,
ardently pro-Russian, promoted a policy completely at variance
with the diplomatic legation, thereby encouraging the reaction-
ary camarilla in Berlin. Frustrated at not having access to Münster’s
reports, Otto von Manteuffel, the minister-president of Prussia,
engaged a spy to learn their contents. Ultimately the public scan-
dal led to a change of procedure, making the minister-president
a regular recipient of all submissions by the military envoy to
Russia.
MUSIL, ALOIS (1868–1944). An explorer and orientalist who worked
undercover for the Evidenzbüro during World War I, Alois Musil
was born in Vyslov (Moravia), the son of a poor farmer. Following
his ordination as a Catholic priest in 1895, he made extensive trips to
the Near East and became well known for his findings, especially his
archeological discovery of the eighth-century Qusayr Amra hunting
lodge in Jordan. Musil’s appointment to the theological faculty of the
MUSIL, ALOIS • 311