by Jean-Marie-René Savary and introduced to Napoleon in 1805.
Later that year—disguised as a Hungarian nobleman exiled from
France on suspicion of espionage—Schulmeister arrived in Vienna
and managed to be appointed chief of intelligence for Karl Mack
von Leiberich, the commander of the Austrian army. The rapid
defeat at the battle of Ulm in mid-October can be traced in part to
the spurious information supplied by Schulmeister and the crucial
Austrian military plans he conveyed to Napoleon.
Various missions followed involving Ireland, England, and Rus-
sia. Schulmeister also gained a reputation for ruthless efficiency
while serving as commissioner of police in Vienna during the second
French occupation. His services, however, were terminated after
Napoleon’s marriage to Austrian archduchess Marie-Louise in 1810.
Having amassed a considerable fortune, Schulmeister retired to his
Meinaau estate but rejoined Napoleon after his escape from Elba.
The French emperor’s defeat at Waterloo in June 1815 resulted in
Schulmeister’s immediate arrest. Forced to pay a huge ransom to the
victors, he never recovered financially and worked as a tobacconist
in Strasbourg. He died on 8 May 1853.SCHULZE-BOYSEN, HARRO (1909–1942). A Luftwaffe intelli-
gence officer and pivotal figure in the Rote Kapelle, Harro Schulze-
Boysen was born in Kiel on 2 September 1909, a grandnephew of
Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz. In 1923, he took part in the clandestine
struggle against the French occupation in the Ruhr and was briefly
jailed. Despite his upbringing in a conservative monarchist envi-
ronment, Schulze-Boysen gradually moved to the left and became
a fierce opponent of the Nazis, notably as editor of the opposition
newspaper Der Gegner. The ban of the publication in April 1933 also
resulted in his arrest and detention in a concentration camp outside
Berlin. Released shortly afterward owing to his mother’s interven-
tion, Schulze-Boysen completed aviation training at Warnemünde
and joined the intelligence branch of the newly established Reich
Air Ministry of Hermann Göring in 1934. By 1938, his early contact
with the Soviet embassy in Berlin had grown into a full-fledged
relationship, as he conveyed information about the German Condor
Legion in Spain and helped identify undercover Nazi agents in the
International Brigades.
406 • SCHULZE-BOYSEN, HARRO