officials preferred to see France remain embroiled in this ever-polariz-
ing controversy. On 2 November 1897, Schwartzkoppen was recalled
from Paris and given the command of a guard regiment in Berlin.
His account of the Dreyfus affair, Die Wahrheit über Dreyfus: Aus
dem Nachlass (The Truth about Dreyfus from the Schwartzkoppen
Papers) appeared posthumously in 1930 and left little doubt regarding
Dreyfus’s innocence.SCHWARZWÄLLER, ERNST (1905–1977). An operative for mul-
tiple intelligence services, Ernst Schwarzwäller was raised in Stettin
and trained as a businessman. After joining the SS and the Nazi Party
in 1933, he became an agent of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) in the
Stettin region. Promoted to a full-time position, he directed the SD
branch office in Schneidemühl from 1939 to 1945.
Six years later, a former SD colleague persuaded Schwarzwäller,
then the head of a wholesale grocery firm in Hamburg, to work for
the Organisation Gehlen (OG). His office briefly became a meet-
ing place for agents, and he attended a training course in Bavaria.
Financial difficulties, however, caused him to respond in 1954 to an
advertisement by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) promis-
ing West German operatives “complete freedom, a domicile, and a
well-paying position.” Officials of the Ministerium für Staatssi-
cherheit (MfS) raised no questions about his Nazi past, as he not
only relayed detailed information about the OG but supplied the
names of 10 potential recruits. Given the code name holtz (and later
hirsch), Schwarzwäller earned high marks for his activity, target-
ing especially several former OG colleagues. For security reasons,
the MfS recalled him to East Berlin in April 1959, where he held a
press conference displaying documents stolen from Franz Göring,
a former SD colleague then employed by the Bundesnachrichten-
dienst. Despite receiving substantial remuneration along with a
number of state awards, Schwarzwäller saw his privileges gradually
reduced and his counsel only occasionally sought. Following his
death on 10 October 1977, MfS officials extolled his “outstanding
accomplishments” for the GDR.
SCIENTOLOGY ORGANIZATION. A prime object of surveillance
by the Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV) since 1993, the
SCIENTOLOGY ORGANIZATION • 411