benefited from the collection of industrial intelligence. But the pe-
riod forced the Soviet Union to become more dependent on West-
ern foreign credits, foreign food, and pilfered technology. In 1980,
after a decade of détente, the Soviet economy was stagnant, its
growth barely at 1 percent. Moreover, détente also spurred intellec-
tual diversity inside the Soviet bloc, despite the best efforts of the
KGB and its allies.DEUTSCH, ARNOLD (1904–?).One of the most gifted of the Soviet
illegals, Deutsch received a Ph.D. from the University of Vienna at
the age of 24. While a graduate student, Deutsch was active in Aus-
trian Communist Party and Cominternbusiness. A brilliant student
who mastered French, English, and other languages, Deutsch was re-
cruited by the NKVDto act as an illegal recruiter and agent handler
in the early 1930s.
Operating under the pseudonym “Otto,” Deutsch recruited and ran
16 agents in Great Britain, including Kim Philby, Guy Burgess, and
Anthony Bluntduring the mid-1930s. Deutsch had a reputation as a
skillful street case officer, capable of both inspiring and teaching his
agents. In 1938 he was pulled out of contact with his British agents
and recalled to Moscow. Unlike so many of the illegals who were
summarily executed, Deutsch was relegated to a desk job. He report-
edly perished in 1942 when his ship was torpedoed by a German
U-Boat while he was on the way to an undercover mission in the
United States, where he would have acted as illegal rezident. He re-
portedly died heroically trying to save other passengers on the ship.DEZA. Disinformation, or deza, was used as a tool of Soviet active
measuresduring the Cold War.DICKSTEIN, SAMUEL (1885–1954). The only known member of
the U.S. Congress on the Soviet intelligence service’s payroll,
Samuel Dickstein spied for money. Dickstein, who served 22 years in
the U.S. House of Representatives, had the derogatory code name
“Crook” in the Soviet files. He was paid $1,250 a month for infor-
mation his committee gathered on anti-Soviet refugees in the United
States. His information was useful to the Soviets for targeting Trot-
skyites. The NKVD rezidentin New York, Gaik Ovakimyan, had68 •DEUTSCH, ARNOLD (1904–?)06-313 A-G.qxd 7/27/06 7:55 AM Page 68