ENEMIES OF THE PEOPLE. The term “enemies of the people” was
employed by the Jacobins during the French Revolution for those
they wished to kill with a minimum of judicial process. Vladimir
Leninand other Bolshevikswere attracted to the term and began us-
ing it in 1918. The Soviet press during the rule of Joseph Stalinused
the term to dehumanize opponents of the regime. When Helen Bon-
ner, Andrei Sakharov’s wife, and her little brother saw their father
arrested, the boy said: “Imagine, some enemies of the people mas-
querade as fathers!” During the Yezhovshchina, women and children
classified as members of the family of enemies of the people were
subject to arrest and exile. Children were sent to special orphanages
established by the security services. When a writer asked Stalin’s for-
eign minister Vyacheslav Molotovwhy it had been necessary to pun-
ish the wives of political prisoners, he casually replied “people would
have talked.”ENORMOZ.The NKVDcode name for the Anglo-American nuclear
weapons program, Enormoz, which is Russian for “enormous,” re-
flected Moscow’s obsession with the atomic bomb. The service’s
code name for the bomb itself was “Funicular.” As early as 1941,
John Carincrossprovided the London rezidenturawith information
about the British nuclear program. Joseph Stalininitially believed
that this intelligence was British disinformation, but in early 1943 he
directed the Soviet intelligence rezidenturasin Great Britain, the
United States, and Canada to collect information on the Allied nu-
clear weapons program. Within a year of this order, Soviet intelli-
gence had provided over 280 classified documents on the program.
In 1944 the director of the Soviet nuclear weapons program, Igor
Kurchatov, wrote Lavrenty Beriathat information from the United
States “was of enormous interest and great value” and pleaded for ad-
ditional information.
Information on nuclear weapons was collected in Great Britain, the
United States, and Canada by both the NKVD and the GRU. The So-
viet service created Line X within the London, Ottawa, Washington,
and San Francisco rezidenturasto collect scientific, specifically nu-
clear, intelligence. In 1944–1948, the London rezidenturawas run-
ning 15 agents with access to the nuclear program. In New York,ENORMOZ •7706-313 A-G.qxd 7/27/06 7:55 AM Page 77