interrogator in 1950. He was tried and sentenced to 14 years impris-
onment. Released after nine years, Fuchs returned to East Germany,
where he worked as a nuclear physicist. He was a member of the
Communist PartyCentral Committee, and he died in 1988, a year
before the collapse of the system he served.
Of the spies within the American nuclear program, Fuchs and Te d
Hallwere probably the most important sources of information about
both the progress of the Anglo-American project and solutions to the
problems facing American and British bomb makers. According to
nuclear physicist and Nobel Prize laureate Andrei Sakharov, Fuchs
provided the Soviet nuclear program with critical intelligence gath-
ered from Los Alamos and later from London. He also provided the
first information Moscow received about the “Super” H-Bomb.- G –
GAPON, GEORGI APOLLONOVICH (1870–1906).Father Gapon
ran a large working-class parish in St. Petersburg in the first years of
the 20th century and was respected for his defense of workers’ rights.
He was recruited as an agent by Nikolai Zubatov, Okhrana’s chief
in the capital city. Gapon became deeply embroiled in Zubatov’s “po-
lice socialism” strategy, a clandestine effort to win working-class
support for the tsarist regime. Gapon organized a massive and peace-
ful march on the Winter Palace in January 1905, which was brutally
put down by troops, resulting in the loss of a hundred lives. The
“Bloody Sunday” repression ended any hope of police socialism and
revolutionized the St. Petersburg working class.
Following Bloody Sunday, Gapon fled abroad, trading police so-
cialism for revolution. He met with Vladimir Lenin, as well as other
Bolsheviks and the Socialist RevolutionaryBattle Organization
leaders, to obtain weapons and financial support for revolution. In
early 1906 Gapon entered Russian Finland, where he was murdered,
apparently by members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party who had
discovered his relationship with the Okhrana. Gapon was a tragic
pawn caught between the Okhranaand the revolutionary parties. He
died a priest without a church and a revolutionary without a party.90 •GAPON, GEORGI APOLLONOVICH (1870–1906)06-313 A-G.qxd 7/27/06 7:55 AM Page 90