nuclear weapons program. Gold traveled to New Mexico, New York,
and Boston a total of nine times to meet with the German émigré,
who was the Soviet Union’s most important source within the Man-
hattan Project.
Five years later, in an interview with agents of the Federal Bureau
of Investigation (FBI) in London, Fuchs identified Gold as the man
he knew as “Raymond.” Gold further ensured his own arrest by
sloppy tradecraft: the FBI found copies of New Mexico maps in
Gold’s apartment after the accused spy assured them he had never
been west of Chicago. After his arrest, Gold provided critical infor-
mation to the FBI about the Rosenberg ring by identifying David
Greenglass, Julius Rosenberg’s brother-in-law, as another key
agent. Gold was tried with the Rosenbergs and received a 30-year
sentence. He was released in 1966, having served half his sentence.
See also ENORMOZ; VENONA.GOLENIEWSKI, MICHAEL (1922– ). In March 1958, the American
ambassador in Switzerland received a letter from an individual code-
named “Heckenschutze” (Sniper), who offered to work for U.S. in-
telligence. For the next three years, the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) ran “Sniper” clandestinely, never knowing who the source was
but receiving from him 27 letters with a host of counterintelligence
leads. In January 1961, the source defected in Berlin with his mistress
and 1,000 pages of classified information. The CIA could finally put
a name to the source.
Michael Goleniewski had been conscripted as a slave laborer by
the Germans in 1939. After World War II, he was recruited into Pol-
ish military counterintelligence, where he was mentored by Soviet
officers. The KGBran Goleniewski as a liaison contact and as a pen-
etration of the allied Polish service. It placed Goleniewski in a posi-
tion where he could do tremendous damage to both his service and
the KGB. His information from the KGB and the Polish intelligence
services was thus explosive: he could identify Heinz Felfeand
George Blakeas Soviet spies. He could also provide information
about how the KGB and other Warsaw Pact services operated in the
West. Goleniewski was debriefed for several years. He later claimed
to be the real Russian tsarevich, Mikhail Romanov, who had some-
how escaped assassination with his parents and siblings in 1918. De-96 •GOLENIEWSKI, MICHAEL (1922– )06-313 A-G.qxd 7/27/06 7:55 AM Page 96