The GRUand the NKVD also spied on wartime allies. Both ser-
vices collected information about Anglo-American strategy, intelli-
gence, and diplomatic services. Another focus was the nascent nu-
clear weapons program, which the Soviets codenamed Enormoz. The
Soviet services also knew about the British Ultraprogram, which
had broken the codes of the Enigma machine. In 1945, 18 Soviet in-
telligence officers in the United States were running more than 300
sources. Soviet accomplishments in Canada and the United Kingdom
were no less impressive.
The war created an “ideological truce” within the Soviet Union.
All Soviet citizens were made to feel that they were in the struggle
against Nazi Germany together. The Soviet poetess Anna Akhmatova
noted the strange freedom many felt in those days: “In mud, dark-
ness, hunger, grief, / where death followed our heel like a shadow /
we felt such happiness / we breathed such stormy freedom.” To Stalin
and his police, the end of World War IIpresented the challenge of
how to regain control of the country. The year of victory was thus a
year of repression in the Baltic republics and the western Ukraine,
and it was marked by the arrest of countless men and women who
had been captured or forced to work in Hitler’s camps or factories.
The Great Patriotic War shaped the strategy and priorities of Soviet
intelligence during the Cold War. A major issue for both the KGB
and the GRU from 1945 to 1991 was the threat of a NATO surprise
atomic attack, leading to the RYaNprogram, which gathered infor-
mation about possible attack plans. Yuri Andropov, first as KGB
boss and then as head of state, insisted that the services provide re-
porting of a possible “nuclear 22 June,” forcing intelligence officers
to provide highly exaggerated information about a possible NATO
strike in the fall of 1983.GRIGULEVICH, IOSIF ROMUALDOVICH (c. 1905–?). A
Lithuanian Jew, Grigulevich was recruited into the Soviet service as
an illegaland operated for two decades in Latin America and Europe.
In the late 1930s he established networks that supported the NKVD’s
assassination of Leon Trotsky. During World War II, Grigulevich,
who was stationed in Argentina, organized the sabotage of neutral
ships carrying cargo to Germany. Following the war, he was natural-
ized as a Costa Rican citizen and was appointed that country’s am-104 •GRIGULEVICH, IOSIF ROMUALDOVICH (c. 1905–?)06-313 G-P.qxd 7/27/06 7:56 AM Page 104