counterintelligencein the First Chief Directorate and the youngest
general officer in the service. Kalugin was instrumental in running
Robert Lipka as well as the Walker Spy Ring. Lipka, a young em-
ployee of the National Security Agency, was paid $27,000. John
Walker was paid more than a hundred times more for information on
U.S. cryptological systems. Kalugin was successful as well in the re-
cruitment of a number of Western intelligence officers.
Kalugin was transferred to Leningrad as deputy chief of the city
KGB in the early 1980s. Within a short period of time, he made a
number of enemies in the party bureaucracy and his career floun-
dered. He later rallied to Mikhail Gorbachev’s policy of glasnost
and wrote several articles on his career in intelligence. Kalugin was
never forgiven by his former colleagues for his decision to break
cover, and in the 1990s he moved to the United States, where he
teaches and acts as a business consultant. He has since been con-
demned by Russian PresidentVladimir Putinas a traitor, and he was
tried in absentia and sentenced to a prison term.KARLSHORST.Headquarters for Soviet intelligence operations in
Berlin were located in the city’s Karlshorst district. St. Antonius Hos-
pital was originally chosen as the site of the intelligence headquarters
soon after Berlin fell to the Red Army in 1945. Karlshorst remained
the center of both KGBand GRUoperations until 1992.KATYN.In April 1943, Nazi Germany announced that it had discov-
ered the mass grave of 4,500 Polish officers near Katyn in
Byelorussia; Berlin claimed they had been murdered by the Soviets.
Moscow immediately denied the charge and used the international
debate over Katyn as an opportunity to break diplomatic relations
with the London-based Polish government in exile. Until 1992
Moscow denied responsibility for the killings, despite physical and
human evidence that the NKVDwas guilty. Documents presented to
the Polish government in 1992 by Russian President Boris Yeltsin
established conclusively that on Lavrenty Beria’s recommenda-
tion, Joseph Stalinauthorized the murder of 25,800 Polish military
officers, civil servants, and religious figures captured in 1939. Be-
ria’s recommendation was that “examination of the cases is to be126 •KARLSHORST06-313 G-P.qxd 7/27/06 7:56 AM Page 126