out there and at Lefortovo prison, as well as at Butovo, on the out-
skirts of the city, where there were mass graves. Following Joseph
Stalin’s death, the KGBused the building as its headquarters, while
prisoners were kept and interrogated at Lefortovo and Butyrka pris-
ons. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Lubyanka
became the headquarters of the FSB(Federal Security Service), and
the SVR(Foreign Intelligence Service) moved its headquarters to
Yasenevo on the Moscow Ring Road.LUCY RING.One of the most productive Soviet spy rings in World
War IIoperated under the code name “Lucy” from neutral Switzer-
land. Lucy was Rudolf Roessler, a German émigrépublisher and fa-
natical anti-Nazi. In 1939–1940, Roessler developed important con-
tacts with conservative anti-Nazi German officers and anti-Nazi
politicians such as Abwehr deputy chief Hans Oster and former
mayor of Leipzig Karl Goerdeler. These men, known in some litera-
ture as the “Black Orchestra,” provided Roessler with information
about German military plans.
After the war began, Roessler contacted Sandor Rado, the GRU
rezidentin Switzerland, through Rachel Deubendorfer, a GRU ille-
gal, and provided Russian military intelligence with information
from his contacts. Roessler’s initial contacts developed sources
among the senior general staff and Abwehr officers who had access
to Adolf Hitler’s circle. Rado’s information was initially not believed
in Moscow because he had no control of his sources. In fact, Rado
was never able to identify Roessler’s motivationor his sources in-
side Germany. Some of Rado’s information may also have come
from British intelligence (SIS), which was feeding diluted Ultrain-
telligence through their agent in the Lucy Ring, Alexander Foote. Or-
der of battle information from the Lucy Ring was critical in the So-
viet victory in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943.
Swiss counterintelligenceunder pressure from Berlin broke up
the Lucy Ring in 1943. Roessler was arrested, Rado went under-
ground, and Foote fled to France, where he joined the resistance.
While the Lucy apparatus was never under the direct control of
Leopold Trepperof the Red Orchestra, it worked in concert with
it. Most historians link the two organizations in analyzing Soviet in-
telligence activities during World War II.LUCY RING• 14906-313 G-P.qxd 7/27/06 7:56 AM Page 149