1993 October: Constitutional crisis between Russian President Boris
Yeltsin and Communist Party members of the Duma create first post-
Soviet political crisis. Troops loyal to Yeltsin storm Russian White
House; over 100 killed in the fighting.1994 February: Aldrich Ames is arrested by the FBI. December:
Russian troops enter Chechnya.1995 FSB (Federal Security Service) is established by Boris Yeltsin.1996 April: Moscow and London trade expulsions of intelligence of-
ficers. June: Boris Yeltsin fires intelligence chief Aleksandr Korzhakov
and several of his allies. July: Yeltsin is reelected president.1997 November: Former army officer Grigori Pasko, who publicized
ecological damage on Russian military bases, is charged with releasing
classified information to foreign countries. (After several trials, he will
be convicted in 2001.)1998 Following unsolved bombings in Moscow, the second Chechen
War begins. 5 October: FSB is given greater responsibility for eco-
nomic counterintelligence and counterterrorism.1999 29 November: Russia expels a U.S. diplomat for espionage. 8
December: Russian diplomat Stansilav Gusev is expelled from the
United States for operating bugging device in the office of the U.S. Sec-
retary of State. 31 December: Boris Yeltsin resigns; Prime Minister
Vladimir Putin becomes interim chief of state. (Putin will win presi-
dency in 2000 general election.)2000 19 January: Nine Russian diplomats are expelled from Poland
for espionage. February: After intelligence from a Russian defector
provides information, Hanssen is arrested by the FBI. March: FSB ar-
rests Edmund Pope, a former U.S. naval officer, on charges of espi-
onage. 14 June: Retired U.S. Army Colonel George Trofimoff is ar-
rested for spying for the KGB during the Cold War. 31 August: Two
Soviet diplomats are expelled from Estonia for espionage. 8 Septem-
ber: A senior Japanese naval officer is arrested in Tokyo for spying for
Russia. December: Pope is released and deported to the United States
after 253 days in jail.CHRONOLOGY• xxi06-313 (00) FM.qxd 7/27/06 7:53 AM Page xxi