Lavrenty Beria’s orders, tortured, and sentenced to a forced labor
camp for 15 years. Rozenblium somehow survived the gulag and re-
turned to testify against her tormentors in trials of members of Beria’s
circle. Referred to as “the good fairy of Lefortovo,” she exemplified
the courage of the old Russian intelligentsia, which Beria sought to de-
stroy first in Georgia and then in Moscow. Her fortitude was unusual,
and there is little evidence that other officials in the Stalinist system
ever demonstrated the moral courage of Anna Rozenblium.RUSSIAN INTELLIGENCE SERVICES. Following the 1991 Au-
gust putsch, Russian President Boris Yeltsinbegan to systematically
dismantle the KGB. Over the next year, several different services
were created, all of which reported to the president through a newly
established National Security Council. The Sluzhba vneshnei
razvedki(Foreign Intelligence Service), or SVR, was built from the
First Chief Directorate. The Federalnaya sluzhba bezopasnosti(Fed-
eral Security Service), or FSB, includes the counterintelligenceand
security components of the KGB. The Federalnoe agentsvo pravitel-
stevennoi svyazi i informatatsii (Federal Agency for Government
Communications and Information), or FAPSI, includes KGB com-
ponents responsible for government communications and signals in-
telligence. The Prezidenskaya sluzhba bezopasnosti (Presidential Se-
curity Service), or PSB, was drawn from the KGB components
responsible for leadership protection.
Other security services were created to deal with technical coun-
terintelligence and counterterrorism. The new Russian services are
robust and well financed. For example, the FSB is by far the largest
security service in the world, except for the People’s Republic of
China. While president of the Russian Federation, Yeltsin maintained
control of these organizations through the appointment process. He
appointed KGB veteran Vladimir Putinto head the FSB in 1998 to
intensify surveillanceof personal opponents. (One wonders if a
Communist Partygeneral secretary would have acted any differ-
ently.) As president, Putin has used the same tactics to ensure his
close supervision of the service. He has promoted many of his former
KGB colleagues to senior positions in the presidential apparatus, as
well as the FSB and SVR.RUSSIAN INTELLIGENCE SERVICES• 22706-313 P-Z.qxd 7/27/06 7:57 AM Page 227