Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence

was integrated into the DCI Weapons Intelligence, Nonproliferation,

and Arms Control Center, housed in the CIA’s Directorate of Intelli-

gence. In 2005, President George W. Bush established the National

Counterproliferation Center, absorbing the functions of the NPC.

DEEP BLUE (OPERATION). Deep Blue is the code name for a navy

tactical group established after the terrorist attacks of 11 Septem-

ber 2001to conduct research on new weapons systems, intelligence

sensors, and operational tactics and procedures to be used in the an-

titerror fight. The team, put together in 2002, assesses innovative

ideas for effectively linking intelligence and combat operations, such

as improving forward staging capabilities or linking navy’s SEAL

teams with regular navy functions, as well as improving naval battle

operations against terrorists. See alsoTACTICALINTELLIGENCE

AND RELATED ACTIVITIES.

DEFECTOR.Adefector is an individual, usually a highly placed official

of a government, who flees his country, switches allegiance, and agrees

to give the government of his new country intelligence information

about the country and the government from which he has fled. For ex-

ample, Edward Lee Howard, an employee of the Central Intelli-

gence Agency(CIA), defected to the USSR, and Vitaly Yurchenko

defected to the United States, both in the 1980s.

DEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY

(DARPA).The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency was es-

tablished in 1958 as the first U.S. response to the Soviet launching of

Sputnik. Since that time, the DARPA’s mission has been to assure

that the U.S. maintains a lead in applying state-of-the-art technology

for military capabilities and to prevent technological surprise from its

adversaries.

The DARPA’s original operating philosophy has changed over the

years in three ways. First, the DARPAhas entered the commercial

marketplace in a way that assures the Defense Department’s long-

term interests. Second, in the past decade, the DARPAhas pioneered

revolutionary research and development practices by leading the way

in adopting innovative trade and contracting arrangements. Third,

since the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, the DARPAhas focused

considerable attention on resolving problems associated with greater

“jointness” among the services.

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